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MSK > MSK Introduction > Flashcards

MSK Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical movements of forearm ?

A

Pronation , supination

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2
Q

Foot anatomical movements ?

A

Inversion , eversion

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3
Q

Scapula anatomical movements ?

A

Protraction, retraction , elevation

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4
Q

Adult skeleton has how many bones ?

A

206

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5
Q

No. of cranial bones ?

A

8

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6
Q

no. auditory ossicle bones ?

A

6

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7
Q

no. facial bones ?

A

14

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8
Q

no. vertebral column bones ?

A

26

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9
Q

no. hyoid sternum & ribs bones ?

A

26

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10
Q

how many upper limb bones ?

A

62

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11
Q

how many lower limb bones ?

A

64

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12
Q

Muscles within each compartment usually share similar : 3 things ?

A
  • nerve supply
  • Blood supply
  • Function
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13
Q

which compartments of the arm extends and flexes elbow ?

A
  • posterior = extends
  • anterior = flexes
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14
Q

what are muscle compartments separated by ?

A

deep fascia

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15
Q

In elbow flexion what are the 4 muscle groups involved ? Include the muscle names

A
  • agonist = biceps
  • antagonist = triceps
  • synergist = brachialis
  • fixator = trapezius
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16
Q

What are the 4 muscle groups ? define each

A
  • agonists = prime movers (main muscles responsible for a particular movement )
  • Antagonists = oppose prime movers
  • Synergists = assist prime movers
  • fixators = stabilises point of origin of agonist
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17
Q

a nerve supplying a muscle also …. the overlying ….( ….. law)

A
  • supplies
  • skin
  • hilton’s
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18
Q

If a nerve crosses a muscle = it ….it

A

innervates

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19
Q

If a muscle crosses a joint or more than one joint it acts on …… of them (e.g. …… , biceps brachii)

A
  • each one
  • rectus femoris
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20
Q

Muscle …. not ….. meaning they ….

A
  • pull
  • push
  • contract
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21
Q

Where is the rectus femoris muscle found ?

A

Anterior thigh

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22
Q

Each muscle has ….. points : ….. is attached to bone that remains stable and usually more ….., whereas ….. is attached to bone that moves in the joint and is usually more ……

A
  • at least 2 connection
  • Origin
  • proximal
  • Insertion
  • distal
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23
Q

What produces joint movement ?

A

Muscles attach to bone on either side of a joint, contract to produce joint movement

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24
Q

What determines the action of a joint ?

A

Origins and insertions

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25
Q

Examples of convergent skeletal muscle

A

pectoralis major

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26
Q

Examples of circular skeletal muscle

A

orbicularis oris

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27
Q

Examples of multipennate skeletal muscle

A

deltoid

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28
Q

Examples of fusiform skeletal muscle

A

biceps brachii

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29
Q

Examples of bipennate skeletal muscle

A

rectus femoris

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30
Q

Examples of unipennate skeletal muscle

A

extensor digitorum longus

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31
Q

Examples of parallel skeletal muscle

A

sartorius

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32
Q

what skeletal muscle is pectoralis major an example of ?

A

convergent

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33
Q

what skeletal muscle is orbicularis oris an example of ?

A

circular

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34
Q

what skeletal muscle is deltoid an example of ?

A

multipennate

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35
Q

what skeletal muscle is biceps brachii an example of ?

A

fusiform

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36
Q

what skeletal muscle is rectus femoris an example of ?

A

bipennate

37
Q

what skeletal muscle is extensor digitorum longus an example of ?

A

unipennate

38
Q

what skeletal muscle is sartorius an example of ?

A

parallel

39
Q

5 functions of skeletal muscle ?

A
  • movement
  • Stability of joints
  • Posture
  • Heat generation
  • Convert chemical energy to power mechanical work
40
Q

ligaments :
1. made of ?
2. connect ?
3. supports ?

A
  1. collagen
  2. bone to bone
  3. a joint
41
Q

tendons :
1. made of ?
2. attach what ?

A
  1. collagen
  2. muscle to bone
42
Q

bursa:
1. what is it ?
2. lined by what ?
3. cushions where ?
4. cushions between where?

A
  1. fluid filled sac
  2. synovial membrane
  3. points of friction
  4. bone and surrounding tissue
43
Q

What is hilton’s law ?

A

sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

44
Q

What are the 3 main structures around joints ?

A
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • bursa
45
Q

What do ligaments prevent ? And what happens when stresses continue ?

A
  • excessive movement
  • Ligaments stretch
46
Q

A low of muscle tone in the shoulder may lead to what ?

A

Shoulder joint will dislocate

47
Q

Stability of joints depends on what 3 factors ? Include examples

A

shape , size & arrangement of articular surfaces
* Hip joint & ankle joint

Ligaments
* Arches of foot

Muscle tone
* Rotator cuff muscles around shoulder

48
Q

… tissues and cartilage are of … density and are less well-defined than bone

A
  • soft
  • lower
49
Q

Movement of pivot joint and examples of where found ?

A

rotation ; round bony process fits into a bony ligamentous socket

50
Q

Movement of plane joint and examples of where found ?

A

permit gliding or sliding movements

51
Q

Movement of ball and socket joint and examples of where found ?

A

permit movement in several axes; rounded head fits into a concavity

52
Q

Movement of condyloid joint and examples of where found ?

A

permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction & circumduction

53
Q

Movement of saddle joint and examples of where found ?

A

concave & convex joint surfaces

54
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints ?

A
  • hinge - elbow
  • plane - between tarsal bones
  • pivot - between C1 and C2 vertebrae
  • condyloid - between radius and carpal bones of wrist
  • ball & socket - hip joint
  • saddle - between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone
54
Q

Movement of hinge joint and examples of where found ?

A

only permit flexion & extension

55
Q

List 8 movements that synovial joints produce

A
  • flexion , extension
  • Abduction , adduction
  • Internal , external rotation
  • Circumduction = circular pattern
  • Gliding = also known as plane joints = smooth surfaces that slide over one another = ankles, wrist , spine
56
Q

Typical features of synovial joints are what ?

A
  • joint capsule (fibrous membrane , synovial membrane)
  • Bone
  • Articular cavity filled with synovial fluid
  • Hyaline cartilage
57
Q

What are synovial joints ?

A

Main type of joint found in the body, variety of movements

58
Q

Examples of caritilaginous joints

A
  • synchondrosis
  • Symphysis
59
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A
  • Sutural ligament in skull
  • Gomphosis
  • Syndesmosis , between the radius and ulna
60
Q

How are joints classified by type of tissue ? Include examples

A
  • fibrous = virtually no movement = skull
  • Cartilaginous = no/minimal movement = IV disc, pubic symphysis
  • Synovial = variety of movements = knee
61
Q

How are joints classified by degree of movement ? Include examples

A
  • synarthrosis - immovable e.g. skull suture
  • Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable e.g. joints between vertebral bodies
  • Diarthrosis - freely moveable e.g. synovial joint
62
Q

How are joints classified ?

A

Structure and movements (or lack of movement) exhibit

63
Q

what is a joint ?

A

Site where 2 or more skeletal elements come together (articulate)

64
Q

What’s the most proximal and distal part of bone ?

A

Proximal = base, distal = head

65
Q

Notch ?

A

Large groove

66
Q

What do surface marking of bones show ?

A

Markings &/or irregularities (surface raised or roughened)

67
Q

Where are surface marking of bones found ?

A

Where Fascia, ligaments, tendons , aponeuroses are attached to bone

68
Q

What are the 6 classification of bones by shape ? And give example where found in the body

A
  • long - humerus
  • Short (cuboidal) - carpal bones
  • Flat - parietal bone
  • Irregular - vertebra
  • Sesamoid (forms in tendon?) - patella (biggest one)
  • Sutural - sutural bone
69
Q

What do the shape of bones generally relate to ?

A

their mechanical functions

70
Q

Structure of long bone is what ?

A
  • diaphysis
  • Metaphysics
  • Epiphysis
  • Epiphyseal plate / epiphyseal line
71
Q

Skeleton is ….symmetrical . The …. skeleton is mainly protective this includes the following: skull, …, …, …., …. and the …. skeleton provides motility

A
  • bilaterally
  • Axial
  • Hyoid, sternum, vertebral column , ribs
  • Appendicular
72
Q

Inorganic matter of bone & what do they give ?

A
  • minerals give bones their hardness
  • calcium hydroxyapatite crystals give strength, resist compression
73
Q

organic matter of bone and what they give ?

A

type 1 collagen gives bones their flexibility, resist tension/pulling, resistance to stress

74
Q

6 functions of bone

A
  • support - rigid framework
  • Protection - enclose vital structures & viscera
  • Body movement - anchoring attachments for most muscles; act as levers with joints functioning as pivots when muscles contract to cause movement
  • Haemopoiesis - in red marrow
  • Mineral storage - in bone matrix
  • Lipid storage in emergencies - in yellow marrow
75
Q

5 functions of skeletal system

A
  • support
  • Protection
  • Movement/leverage
  • Storage of minerals
  • Blood cell formation (haemopoiesis)
76
Q

Fissure ?

A

Narrow slit / cleft

77
Q

Foramen ?

A

Hole or opening

78
Q

Fossa ?

A

Depression

79
Q

Meatus ?

A

Tunnel or canal

80
Q

Sinus ?

A

Hollow space

81
Q

Crest ?

A

Ridge

82
Q

Facet ?

A

Flattened surface for joint/muscle attachment

83
Q

Spine or spinous process ?

A

Slender projection

84
Q

Tubercle ?

A

Smaller elevation

85
Q

Epicondyle ?

A

Smaller prominence above a condyle

86
Q

Condyle ?

A

Large prominence or rounded surface

87
Q

Trochanter ?

A

Large projection of the femur

88
Q

Tuberosity ?

A

Roughened, rounded elevation

MSK (25 decks)

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