Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MSK > MSK 3b > Flashcards

MSK 3b Flashcards

1
Q

resorption ?

A

osteoclasts break down bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bone formation ?

A

osteoblasts form a matrix to replace resorbed bone with new bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Majority of vertebral fractures (…. %) …. come to clinical attention

A

50 - 70 % , don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

With ageing there is progressive loss of ..1.. leading to ….2… and an increased likelihood of ….3…

A
  1. physiological integrity
  2. functional impariment
  3. death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ageing biologically results from the imapct of the accumulation of a wide variety of …. over time

A

molecular and cellular damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In ageing what are interconnected ?

A
  • Immune system
  • endocrine system
  • haemopoietic & clotting systems
  • brain
  • skeletal muscle
  • nutritional status
  • respiratory
  • cardiovascular
  • renal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physical changes of MSK related problems ?

A
  • sarcopenia
  • decreased bone mineral density
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

consequences of MSK related problems:
* loss of …. x 2
* increased risk of …. x 2
* reduction in ….

A
  • loss of muscle strenght & endurance
  • loss of bone strength
  • increased fall risk
  • increased fracture risk
  • reduction in ability to perform ADL (activities of daily living)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 clinical consequences of ageing

A
  • osteoporosis
  • fractures
  • osteoarthritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fragility fractures result from…

A

mechanical forces that wouldn’t ordinarily result in a fracture (low-level trauma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How has WHO quantified the forces equivalent to of fragility fractures ?

A

a fall from a standing height or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a major risk factor for fragility fracture ?

A

reduced bone density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Other risk factors apart from reduced bone density for fragility fractures ?

A
  • oral or systemic glucocorticoids
  • age
  • sex
  • previous fractures
  • family history of osteoporosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Osteoporosis is what disease ?

A

systemic skeletal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is osteoporosis characterised by ?

A

low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue causing:
* increased bone fragility & risk of fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In osteoporosis:

there is increased …1… with excessive …2… that exceeds ….3.. e.g. due to ….4.. deficiency following menopause

A
  1. bone turnover
  2. bone resorption (destruction)
  3. bone formation
  4. oestrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In osteoporosis what can been seen in microscopic views of cancellous bone ?

A
  • thinning of trabecular elements
  • destruction of interconnecting elements weakens the strength of bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

With hip fractures what is there increased of …?

relative mortality risk varies from ….. greater in the 12 month following hip fracture

A
  • increased disability
  • increased mortality
  • 2 - 10 x
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vertebral factures include:
* ….. of the spine
* …. of height

A
  • curvature
  • loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Symptoms of vertebral fractures include ?

A
  • pain
  • breathing difficulties
  • GI problems
  • difficulties in performing activities of daily living
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis ?

A
  • Age
  • Female sex
  • Ethnicity (Caucasians)
  • Previous fracture
  • Family History
  • Late menarche (>16 y.o.), early
    menopause (<47 y.o.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis ?

A

B WASP

  • Bone Mineral density
  • Weight (BMI < 20)
  • Alcohol (>3.5 units/day).
  • Smoking
  • Physical inactivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

National
recommended levels of alcohol in men &
women ?

A

< 14 units/week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Medications : risk factors for osteoporosis ?
* long-term antidepressants * antiepileptics * aromatase inhibitors * long-term DMPA * GnRH agonists (in men with prostate cancer) * PPIs * oral glucocorticoids * Thiazolidinedione for DM TZDs
26
Name some endocrine conditions associtated with increased risk of osteoporosis
* diabetes mellitus * hyperthyroidism * hyperparathyroidism * hyperprolactinaemia * Cushing's * menopause * treatment with aromatase inhibitors * androgen deprivation therapy * hypogonadism
27
Name some neurological conditions associate with increased risk of osteoporosis
* Alzehimer's * parkinson's * multiple sclerosis * stroke * rheumatoid arthritis * systemic lupus erythematosus * infalmmatory bowel disease * malabsorption * cystic fibrosis * epilepsy * HIV * depression * asthma * chronic kidney disease
28
What value of eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) indicates chronic kidney disease ?
less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m² for three months or more
29
What score is bone mineral density expressed as ?
T-score
30
what is the T-score which is how bone mineral density is expressed ?
the standard deviations (SD) below the mean BMD of young adults at their peak bone mass
31
What does the T-score measurement provide with bone mineral densities ?
valuable information about an individual's bone density relative to their age-matched peers and helps identify the presence of low bone mass or osteoporosis
32
T-score for normal BMD ?
-1 SD or above
33
T-score for osteopenia BMD ?
between -1 and -2.5 SD
34
T-score for osteoporosis BMD ?
-2.5 SD or below
35
T-score for established (severe) osteoporosis BMD ?
-2.5 SD or below with one or more associated fractures
36
DEXA scan stands for ?
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
37
DEXA scan assess ?
bone mineral density
38
DEXA scan : 1. uses ... 2. aimed at...
1. X-rays of 2 different energies 2. femur and L-spine
39
Lifestyle interventions in osteoporosis invloves ?
exercise & diet
40
Exercise as a lifestyle intervention in osteoporosis may involve what ?
* variety of weight-bearing and muscle strengthening exercises * muscle resistance training and balance
41
Diet as a lifestyle intervention in osteoporosis may involve what ?
* Supplementation with 10 micrograms/day of Vitamin D (400 IU) * Dietary calcium * VitB,VitK * Reduce salt * Balanced diet
42
What type of sources / food / drinks does vitamin D come from
* sun * oily fish * dairy * eggs * fortified milks * cereals * mushrooms * fortified tofu * orange juice
43
What are bisphosphonates ?
* anti-resorptive agents, absorved into bone matrix
44
What do bisphosphonates effect ?
* effects osteoclasts (bone resorption) * effect on bone: decrease bone turnover, increase bone mineralisation
45
Name 2 types of bisphosphonates
* simple * nitrogen-containing
46
Name 2 very important examples of side effects that may be because of bisphosphonate use
* osteonecrosis of jaw * gastric ulcers
47
consequences of hip fractures
* High mortality rate * High morbidity rate * PE/DVT/CVA/MI * Pressure sores * Chest infections/UTIs * Confusion
48
Orthogeriactrician ensures what ?
* patients receive highest standard geriatric care * proved holistic care * co-ordinates the MDT team and discharge plan
49
NICE definition of osteoarthritis : 1. disorder of... 2. characterised by : focal areas of ...., remodelling of ...., mild...
1. synovial joints 2. damage to articular cartilage, underlying bone and the formation of osteophytes - new bone at joint margins, synovitis
50
Name 4 clinical features of osteoarthritis
* pain * stiffness * deformity * joint swelling
51
What stiffnes is not present in osteoarthritis but is in RA ?
* not prolonged stiffness which can last for hours in inflammatory arthritis
52
In OA: 1. Knee... 2. in hand....
1. swelling 2. Heberdens nodes in DIP & bouchard in PIP
53
In OA there is shiny foci on the articular surface known as ....
eburnation
54
In OA there is shiny foci on the articular surface known as eburnation how does this happen ?
* continuous loss of articular cartilage which leads to exposure of subchondrial bone
55
What results in formation of osteophytes ( nodules at bony edges) ?
progressive loss of articular cartilage stiumlates new bone formation,
56
radiological features of OA ?
* Loss joint space * Osteophytes * Sclerosis * Subchondral cysts: fluid filled spaces in joints which may require aspiration
57
Non-operative treatment of OA ?
* weight loss * exercise/ physiotherapy * analgesia/NSAIDs * joint injection
58
Why perform a hip replacement ?
* relieve pain and sitffness from damaged or diseased hip joint * improve function of hip joint (ROM) * increase mobility
59
Hip replacement with increase mobility , what helps to restore mobility and return to activities with less pain ?
recovery & rehabilitation
60
Local complications of hip replacement ?
* leg length inequality * dislocation (3%) * infection (2-3%) * loosening (usually after 10-15 yrs) * neurovascular damage
61
What nerves are involved in neurovascular damage as local complications of hip replacement ?
* sciatic/femoral nerve * common peroneal nerve TKRs
62
Systemic complications of hip replacement ?
* UTIs/chest infections * clinical DVT * non-fatal PE (Pulmonary Embolism) * fatal PE (Pulmonary Embolism) * mortality
63
Other nerves injured as common peroneal nerve (total knee replacements) as neurovascular damage of local complications of hip replacement ?
inferior/Superior Gluteal Nerves
64
Frailty in the muscular skeletal system is often correlated with other what ?
2 major geriatric syndromes * sarcopenia * cachexia
65
sarcopenia ?
loss of muscle mass and function associated with aging
66
cachexia ?
weight loss due to an underlying illness

MSK (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions