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MSK > MSK Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

MSK Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to bones
  • conscious control
  • somatic nervous control
  • striated
  • multinucleated
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3
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • wall of heart
  • not under conscious control
  • autonomic nervous control
  • striated
  • uninucleated
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4
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • walls of most viscera, blood vessels, skin
  • not under conscious control
  • autonomic
  • not striated
  • uninucleated
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5
Q

Define origin and insertion

A

origin - immovable end of muscle attachment

insertion - movable end of muscle attachment

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6
Q

Define prime mover (agonist)

A

the muscle primarily responsible for movement

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7
Q

define synergist

A

assists prime mover muscle

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8
Q

define antagonist

A

muscle that resists the prime mover’s action and causes movement in the opposite direction

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9
Q

What are the 7 shapes of muscles

A
  • circular (orbicularis oris)
  • convergent (pec major)
  • parallel (sartorius)
  • unipennate (EDL)
  • bipennate (rectus femoris)
  • fusiform (biceps brachii)
  • multipennate (deltoid)
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10
Q

Name and define the 3 types of connective tissue coverings

A
  • epimysium: dense regular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
  • perimysium: fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles
  • endomysium: fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
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11
Q

Characteristics of a muscle cell

A

cylindrical, 30cm long, multiple peripheral nuclei, many mitochondria, myoglobin for O2 storage, contains myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules

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12
Q

Characteristics of a myofibril

A
  • densely packed rod like element
  • 80% of cell volume
  • exhibit striations through perfectly aligned repeating dark anistropic bands and light isotropic bands
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13
Q

Characteristics of a sarcomere

A
  • smallest contractile unit
  • region of a myofibril between two Z disks
  • composed of thick and thin myofilaments made of contractile proteins
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14
Q

characteristics of the sarcoplasmic retigulum

A
  • network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounding each myofibril
  • pairs of terminal cisternae forming perpendicular channels
  • stores most of the Ca2+
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15
Q

Characteristics of T tubules

A
  • invagination of sarcolemma into sarcoplasm - extracellular compartment
  • penetrate cell’s interior at each A band-I band junction
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16
Q

Describe the triad relation

A

nerve impulse stimulates release of ACh which binds to receptors on motor plate of neuron generating an impulse which reaches the T tubule and depolarizes it, releasing Ca2+ leading to muscle contraction

repolarization of T tubule causes calcium channels in the cisternae to close and stop contraction

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17
Q

Describe the neuromuscular junction

A

The site where an axon and muscle fiber meet, consisting of:
- motor neuron
- motor end plate
- synapse
- synaptic cleft
- synaptic vesicles
- neurotransmitters

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18
Q

Describe myasthenia gravis

A

Muscle paralysis
-inability of the NMJ to transmit enough signals from nerve to muscle fibers
-Abs attack ACh receptors

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19
Q

Describe the steps of a muscle contraction

A
  1. Nerve impulse cases release of ACh from synaptic vesicles
  2. ACh binds to receptors on motor end plate
  3. muscle impulse generated
  4. impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and cisternae
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20
Q

Describe the steps of excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. muscle impulse causes SR to release CA2+ into cytosol
  2. Ca2+ binds to troponin to change its shape
  3. tropomyosin position is altered
  4. binding sites on actin are now exposed
  5. actin and myosin molecules bind via myosin cross-bridges
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21
Q

Describe the steps of cross-bridge cycling

A
  1. myosin cross bridge attaches to actin binding site
  2. myosin cross-bridge pulls thin filament
  3. ADP and phosphate released from myosin
  4. new ATP binds to myosin
  5. linkage between actin and myosin cross-bridge breaks
  6. ATP splits
  7. myosin cross-bridge goes back to original position
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22
Q

Name and describe the 2 types of muscle contraction

A

-Isotonic: generates force by changing muscle length (eccentric = lengthening, concentric = shortening)

-Isometric: muscle contracts but without significant change in length

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23
Q

Describe white skeletal muscle

A
  • large, powerful fibers
  • poor blood supply
  • high capacity for anaerobic glycolysis
  • susceptible to fatigue
  • ex: leg and ocular muscles
24
Q

Describe red skeletal muscle

A
  • small, less powerful fibers with more myoglobin
  • good blood supply
  • high capacity for aerobic glycolysis
  • resistant to fatigue
  • ex: posture muscles
25
Q

Describe the characteristics of cartilage

A
  • specialized type of connective tissue
  • does not have vessels or nerves
  • surrounded by perichondrium
  • fetal precursor tissue to bone
  • supports non-skeletal structures
26
Q

Name and describe the 3 types of cartilage

A

-Hyaline: provides support, flexibility, resilience. most abundant type, can become calcified

  • elastic: similar to hyaline but more elastic
  • fibrocartilage: more collagen, great tensile strength
27
Q

Name the typical locations of hyaline cartilage

A

intercostals
wall of trachea and bronchii
articular cartilage of bone
epiphyseal plates
fetal axial skeleton

28
Q

name the typical locations of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis
meniscus of knee
attach tendon to bone

29
Q

name the typical locations of elastic cartilage

A

external ear
walls of external auditory canal and eustachian tubes
epiglottis and larynx
bridge of nose

30
Q

Describe interstitial growth of cartilage

A

chondroblasts in existing cartilage divide and form cells that produce matrix, occurs in immature cartilage

31
Q

describe appositional growth of cartilage

A

mesenchymal cells in deep part of perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts, occurs in mature cartilage

32
Q

Describe compact bone

A

dense and usually limited to the cortices of mature bone

33
Q

describe cancellous bone

A

lattice of bone spicules, occurs in the ends of long bones and fills the flat and irregular bones

34
Q

classifications of bones

A

long, short (sesamoid, cube), flat, irregular

35
Q

Name the parts of a long bone

A
36
Q

Name the membranes of a bone

A
  • periosteum: outer fibrous layer with an inner osteogenic layer, contains osteoblasts/clasts/genic cells, nerves and vessels
  • endosteum: delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone containing osteoblasts/clasts
37
Q

Where is hematopietic tissue located

A

red marrow cavities (Trabecular cavities of long bone head of femur/humerus and in diploe of flat bones)

38
Q

Name the blood supply of a long bone

A

diaphysial, metaphysial, and epiphysial arteries

39
Q

Describe the nerve supply of bones

A

-autonomic and sensory supply
- most numerous in the articular extremities

40
Q

Describe the bone matrix

A

-ground substance in which collagen fibers are embedded
-10-20% = water
-60-70% = mineral salts

41
Q

Name and define the 4 types of bone cells

A

-osteogenic cell: stem cell in periosteum and endosteum that makes osteoblasts

-osteoblast: bone forming cell

-osteocyte: mature bone cell

-osteoclast: breaks down/resorbs bone matrix

42
Q

Describe the structural unit of compact bone (Osteon/Haversian System)

A

-lamellae: weight bearing, column-like matrix
- central canal: contains blood vessels and nerves

43
Q

Name the structures that make up the microstructure of a compact bone

A
  • Perforating/Volkmann’s canals
  • Lacunae
  • Canaliculi
44
Q

Name the structures that make up the microstructure of spongy bone

A

-trabeculae that align along lines of stress, capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients, irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi

45
Q

Name and describe the two types of ossification

A

-Intramembranous: membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane and fomes flat bones

-endochondral: cartilage bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage forming the majority of the skeleton

46
Q

Describe interstitial and appositional bone growth

A

-interstitial: lengthening of long bones
-appositional: thickening and remodeling of all bones by osteoblast/clast activity

47
Q

Name the 4 functional zones of epiphyseal plate cartilage

A

-Proliferation (growth)
-Hypertrophic (cells enlarge)
-Calcification
-Ossification

48
Q

What controls continual remodeling of bone?

A

Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood

49
Q

Describe Wolff’s Law

A

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed on it
(handedness thickens bone in dominant hand, thickness of curved bones where they may buckle, trabeculae along stress lines, large bony projections at site of muscle attachment)

50
Q

Name the 4 steps of bone healing

A
51
Q

Describe what happens in Osteomalacia and Rickets

A

calcium salts are not deposited, typically caused by a deficiency of vitamin D and/or dietary calcium

Rickets is a childhood disease that causes bowed legs and other bone deformities

52
Q

Describe what happens in osteoporosis

A

a loss of bone mass because bone resorption outpaces deposit, leading to bone becoming spongy and susceptible to fracture

risk factors include: low estrogen, vit D, Ca, TSH, immobility, petite frame, DM

53
Q

Describe the 3 classes of joints

A
  • synarthrosis = immovable
  • amphiarthrosis = slightly movable
  • diarthrosis = freely movable
54
Q

What are the 3 types of synarthrotic joints

A
  • sutures (skull)
  • syndesmoses (fibula/tibia)
  • gomphoses (teeth)
55
Q

Name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

-Synchondronses: bar/plate of hyaline cartilage uniting a bone (synarthrotic)

-Symphyses: hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces and is fused to pad of fibrocartilage (amphiarthrotic)

56
Q

Name the 7 types of synovial joints

A

plane
hinge
pivot
bicondylar
ellipsoid
saddle
ball and socket

MSK (9 decks)

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