MSK Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the lower limb?
A
supports body weight
locomotion
maintain balance
2
Q
What are the 6 regions of the lower limb?
A
gluteal femoral knee leg ankle foot
3
Q
What muscles make up the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region?
A
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medias
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
4
Q
What is the function of the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region?
A
extensors, abductors and medial rotators of the thigh
5
Q
Describe innervation of the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region?
A
Gluteus maximus is supplied by inferior gluteal nerve. All others (gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae) are supplied by the superior gluteal.
6
Q
What is Trendelenburg’s gait?
A
A clinical sign. When you lift a leg, the pelvis tilts and the muscles pull it back into alignment. In Trendelenburg’s gait, the superior gluteal nerve has been damaged, allowing the pelvis to tilt to the unsupported side. The contralateral side then drops. The limb is now too long. The patient leans to the opposite side to shorten the limb.
7
Q
What muscles make up the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?
A
piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femoris
8
Q
What is the function of the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?
A
lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers
9
Q
Describe the innervation of the deep muscle group of the gluteal region.
A
Each deep muscle is supplied by a different nerve from the sacral plexus
10
Q
Where do nerves enter and exit the pelvis and perineum?
A
via the greater and lesser sciatic foramen
11
Q
What structures form the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
A
the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
12
Q
Describe the attachments of the sacrotuberous ligament.
A
sacrum and ischial tuberosity
13
Q
Describe the attachments of the sacrospinous ligament.
A
sacrum and ischial spine
14
Q
Where should injections be given in the gluteal region?
A
Upper outer quadrant
15
Q
What nerve is the largest in the body?
A
Sciatic nerve
16
Q
What are the branches of the sciatic nerve called?
A
Tibial and common fibular
17
Q
What parts of the lower limb are supplied by the sciatic nerve?
A
posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles and most of the skin
18
Q
From what spinal level does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh arise?
A
S1-S3
19
Q
What structures are supplied by the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
A
Skin over the posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh
20
Q
Describe the route of the pudendal nerve into the perineum.
A
Passes through the greater sciatic foramen into the pelvis then back out through the lesser sciatic foramen.
21
Q
Where does the sciatic nerve exit the greater sciatic foramen?
A
Inferior to the piriformis. It is usually the most lateral structure exiting the greater sciatic foramen.
22
Q
What artery supplies the sciatic nerve?
A
Artery to the sciatic nerve
23
Q
Where does the sciatic nerve normally divide
A
the distal third of the thigh
24
Q
What division of the sciatic nerve is more lateral?
A
Common fibular
25
What division of the sciatic nerve is more medial?
Tibial
26
What is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament
27
What structure forms the inguinal ligament?
the thickened edge of the external oblique aponeurosis
28
What are the attachments of the inguinal ligament?
ASIS to pubic tubercle
29
What is the medial border of the femoral triangle?
The lateral border of the adductor longus
30
What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
Medial border of the sartorius
31
What is the longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
32
What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
Iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially
33
What is the function of the sartorius muscle?
Flexion of the knee and hip
34
What forms the roof of the femoral triangle?
deep fascia (fascia lata)
35
Describe the position of the structures within the femoral triangle from lateral to medial.
Nerve, artery, vein, lymphatics
36
What structures are contained within the femoral sheath?
Artery, vein and lymphatics
37
Is the femoral nerve in the femoral sheath?
NO
38
What structure splits the limb into different compartments?
Deep fascia
39
What procedure can be done to relieve pressure in an emergency in a patient with compartment syndrome?
Fasciotomy
40
What are the 3 compartments in the thigh?
Anterior, medial and posterior
41
What are the 3 compartments in the legs?
Anterior, posterior and lateral
42
What muscles are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?
```
Pectineus, ilipsoas and sartorius (flexors of the thigh)
quadriceps femoris (extensors of the leg)
```
43
What nerves supply the anterior compartment of the thigh?
```
Femoral nerve (L2, 3 and 4)
Psoas major is supplied by anterior rami from L1, 2 and 3.
```
44
What muscles are contained within the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus (adductors of the thigh)
45
What nerves supply the medial compartment of the thigh?
```
Obturator nerve (L2, 3 and 4)
The hamstring part of the adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial nerve
```
46
What muscles are contained within the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris. (extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg)
47
What nerves supply the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5, S1 and S2)
| The short head of the biceps femoris is supplied by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve)
48
What muscles are contained within the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
49
What nerves supply the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve (L4 and 5)
50
What muscles are contained in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis (evert the foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle)
51
What nerves supply the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1 and 2)
52
What superficial muscles are contained within the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris (plantarflexors of the ankle)
53
What nerves supply the superficial muscle group of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
54
What deep muscles are contained within the posterior compartment of the leg?
popliteus,flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibialus posterior (flexors of the toes and plantarflexors of the ankle)
55
What nerves supply the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
56
What movements can the hip joint perform?
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
medial/lateral rotation
circumduction
57
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
Deepens the hip joint and bring more stability
58
What is the most commonly fractured part of the femur?
Neck
59
Damage to which ligament can result in disruption to the blood supply to the head of the femur?
Ligamentum teres
60
What three ligaments strengthen the hip joint capsule and aid stability?
iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral
61
What artery is supplies the head of the femur?
Branch of the obturator
62
Which arteries arise from the deep femoral artery to supply the hip joint?
medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
63
How many articulations does the knee have?
3
64
Describe the articulations of the knee.
2x femerotibial
| 1x femeropatellar
65
What muscle group is the main stabiliser of the knee?
Quadraceps femoris
66
What extracapsular ligaments strengthen the knee?
patellar ligament
lateral collateral ligament
medial collateral ligament
67
What intra-articular ligaments strengthen the knee?
anterior cruciate
| posterior cruciate
68
Which ligament in the knee is commonly damaged by footballers?
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
69
What would anterior/posterior drawer signs indicate?
Damaged cruciate ligaments allowing the femur to slide over the tibia
70
What is the function of the menisci in the knee?
Fibrocarilage found both medially and laterally to offer protection
71
What forms the superolateral border of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris
72
What forms the superomedial border of the popliteal fossa?
semimembranosus
73
What forms the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?
gastrocnemius
74
What forms the roof of the popliteal fossa?
popliteal fascia
75
What structures are found within the popliteal fossa?
lots of fat
terminal small saphenous vein
popliteal vessels
tibial and common fibular nerves
76
By what other name is the achilles tendon known?
Calcaneal tendon
77
What tendon is the thickest and strongest in the body?
Calcaneal tendon?
78
The tendons of which muscles come together to form the calcaneal tendon?
gastrocnemius and soleus
79
Which nerve roots can be tested by observing the ankle jerk reflex?
S1 and S2
80
The superficial lymphatics of the lower limb follow which veins?
Saphenous veins
81
Which lymph nodes do the superficial lymphatics of the lower limb drain to?
superficial inguinal > external iliac
82
Which lymph nodes do the deep lymphatics of the lower limb drain to?
If posterior they drain first to the popliteal.
| deep inguinal > external iliac
83
Which artery branches posteriorly from the femoral artery within the femoral triangle?
profunda femoris artery
84
What are the first two branches of the profunda femoris artery?
the medial and lateral circumflex arteries
85
What structures are contained within the femoral canal?
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
86
The structures contained within the femoral triangle descend into the medial compartment of the thigh deep to which muscle?
Adductor longus
87
Branches of which artery pierce through the adductor magnus to supply the hamstrings and posterior compartment of the thigh?
profunda femoris
88
The sartorius muscle attaches to which bony feature of the pelvis?
ASIS
89
The femoral nerve branches in the adductor canal to supply which muscle compartment?
anterior compartment
90
What are the four bellies of the quadriceps group?
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medius
91
Describe the adductor hiatus.
An opening in the distal tendon of adductor magnus deep to the lower medial border of the vastus medialus
92
At which point are the femoral vessels renamed to the popliteal artery and veun?
As they pass through the adductor hiatus and enter the popliteal fossa
93
What nerve runs along the deep surface of the adductor longus?
anterior branch of the obturator nerve
94
How do the obturator nerve, artery and vein enter the medial compartment of the thigh?
through the obturator foramen of the pelvis
95
What 3 nerves are responsible for sensory innervation of the thigh?
anterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-L4)
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-3)
cutaneous branch of the obturator nerve (L2-4)
96
Name the 4 spinal curvatures and state whether they are primary or secondary?
```
cervical lordosis (secondary)
thoracic kyphosis (primary)
lumbar lordosis (secondary)
sacral kyphosis (primary)
```
97
Where would you find the iliotibial tract?
on the lateral aspect of the thigh
98
Which muscle lies immediately deep to the superior fibres of the gluteus maximus?
Gluteus medius
99
Which muscle lies deep to the gluteus medius?
Gluteus minimus
100
Which muscle runs transversely between the superior and inferior gluteal NVBs?
piriformis
101
What is the function of the iliotibial tract?
supports the knee joint
102
At what spinal level should a lumbar puncture be performed? Why?
L3/4
In adults the spinal cord ends at L1/2 and so insertion at L3/4 avoids injury to the terminal part of the spinal cord (conus medullaris)
103
What are the hamstring muscles?
semimembranosus, semitendinosus and the long head of the biceps femoris
104
What joints do the hamstrings span?
knee and hip
105
Give three reasons why the short head of the biceps femoris cannot be considered a true hamstring.
1. it attaches proximally to the linea aspera of the femur, not the ischial tuberosity
2. It does not cross the hip joint
3. It supplied by the common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve rather than the tibial branch
106
What muscles create the boundary of the popliteal fossa?
semitendinosus and semimembranosus (superomedially)
biceps femoris (superolaterally)
Medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius (inferiorly)
107
What structures are contained within the neurovascular bundle in the popliteal fossa?
tibial nerve
popliteal vein
popliteal artery
popliteal lymph nodes
108
What bones are involved in the subtalar joint?
talus
| calcaneus
109
What two joints together make up the midtarsal joint?
calcaneocuboid
| talocalcaneonavicular
110
What movements occur around the midtarsal joint?
inversion and eversion of the foot
111
What muscles cause inversion of the foot?
tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior
112
What muscles cause eversion of the foot?
fibularis longus
| fibularis brevis
113
What bones are involved in the tarsometatarsal joints?
cuneiforms, cuboid and metatarsals
114
What is function of the arches of the foot?
shock absorption
allow you to "push off"
increase weight bearing capacity
115
What structures support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
flexor hallucis longus, attachments of tibialis anterior and fibularis longus
116
What structures support the transverse arch of the foot?
fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
117
What bones make up the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms and metatarsals 1-3.
118
Describe the plantar aponeurosis.
thickened central area of the plantar fascia
119
How many layers of muscle are found in the sole of the foot?
3
120
Where are the interossei muscles found in the foot?
Between the metatarsals
121
What movements are produced by the muscles found in the sole of the foot?
flexion of the toes
122
What movements are produced by the 2 dorsal muscles of the foot?
extension
123
Dorsalis pedis is a branch of which artery?
anterior tibial
124
The medial and lateral plantar arteries are branched of which artery?
posterior tibial
125
Where do the great and small saphenous veins originate from?
Dorsal venous arch
126
Where do the deep veins of the foot drain to?
anterior and posterial tibial and fibular veins
127
What joint connects the upper limb to the rest of the body?
Sternoclavicular joint
128
What bone in the upper limb moves during pronation?
Radius
129
What cranial nerve supplies the trapezius?
CN XI
130
What muscles pull the shoulder blades together?
rhomboid major and minor
131
What are the four rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
132
What 3 rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
133
What rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus?
Subscapularis
134
What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?
Hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa
135
What muscle compartments are found in the arm and forearm?
anterior and posterior
136
What muscles are found in the anterior comportment of the arm?
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
137
What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
138
What is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm?
Flexion of the arm and forearm
Biceps brachii also supinates the forearm
139
What muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the arm?
Triceps brachii
140
What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the arm?
Radial nerve
141
What is the function of the posterior compartment of the arm?
extension of the arm and forearm
142
What three muscle layers make up the anterior compartment of the forearm?
superficial
intermediate
deep
143
What muscles are found in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmar longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
144
What muscles are found in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
145
What muscles are found in the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator quadratus
146
What nerves innervate the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Median nerve supplies all but flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of digitorum superficialis is supplied by the ulnar nerve
147
What movements are produced by the anterior compartment of the forearm?
flexion of the wrist and digits, pronation, abduction and adduction of the wrist
148
What muscles are found in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
```
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
aconeus
extensor digitorum
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digiti minimi
```
149
What muscles are found in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
```
supinator
externsor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
```
150
What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Radial nerve
151
What is the function of the facial hood?
Allows extension of all of the digits as a unit.
152
What movements are produced by the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Extension of the wrist and digits, supination, abduction and adduction of the wrist.
153
What 3 muscles are found in the thenar eminence of the hand?
Abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
154
What nerve innervated the thenar eminence of the hand?
recurrent branch of the median nerve
155
What 3 muscles are found in the hypothenar eminence of the hand?
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
opponens digiti minimi
156
What nerve innervates the hypothenar eminence of the hand?
Deep branch of the ulnar nerve
157
What spinal level do the nerves forming the brachial plexus originate from?
C5-T1
158
Describe the organisation of the brachial plexus from proximal to distal.
```
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Nerves
```
159
From what spinal level does the superior trunk of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus arise?
C5 and C6
160
From what spinal level does the middle trunk of the brachial plexus arise?
C7
161
From what spinal level does the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus arise?
C8 and T1
162
What nerves arise from the brachial plexus?
```
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
```
163
What muscle forms the anterior wall of the axilla?
Pectoralis major
164
Where does the brachial vein become the axillary vein?
At the lower border of the teres major muscle
165
Where can the subclavian artery be palpated?
A it crosses the first rib
166
Describe the position of the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus.
between the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the root of the neck
167
Describe the position of the divisions of the brachial plexus?
posterior to the subclavian vessels in the root of the neck, deep to the clavicle
168
What is the main muscle of the posterior wall of the axilla?
Latissimus dorsi
169
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Scapula, clavicle and manubrium
170
What muscles attach to the pectoral girdle?
```
Deltoid
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
rhoboids
Rotator cuff muscles
teres mejor
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
```
171
Which rotator cuff muscle rotates the humerus medially?
subscapularis
172
Which rotator cuff muscles rotate the humerus laterally?
infraspinatus
| teres minor
173
Which rotator cuff muscle initiates abduction of the humerus?
supraspinatus
174
What muscle is affected in painful arc syndrome?
supraspinatus is impinged between the humerus and acromion process
175
What nerve runs along the deep aspect of the trapezius?
spinal accessory nerve CN XI
176
What nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?
axillary nerve
177
What is the name given to the area of skin innervated by the axillary nerve?
badge patch
178
What name is given to the deep fascia of the arm?
Brachial fascia
179
What name is given to the deep fascia of the forearm?
Antebrachial fascia
180
What muscle is the most powerful supinator of the forearm?
biceps brachii
181
Describe the boundaries of the cubital fossa.
superiorly- transverse line between the epicondyles of the humerus
Medially- pronator teres
Laterally- Brachioradialis
182
what are the contents of the cubital fossa?
median cubital vein, cephalic venin, basilic vein, median nerve, brachial artery and radial nerve
183
What shape is the cubital fossa?
triangular
