ENT anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What nerve gives sense of smell?
A
Olfactory
2
Q
What type of mucosa allows us to smell?
A
olfactory mucosa
3
Q
What structure forms the olfactory bulb?
A
ganglia
4
Q
What is the name given to the spaghetti like cells that pass through the cribrifrom late into the olfactory mucosa?
A
Receptor cells
5
Q
What nerve supplys somatic sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?
A
trigeminal
Ophthalmic=anterosuperiorly
Maxillary=posteroinferiorly
6
Q
Describe the arterial supply to the nasal cavity.
A
External (facial and maxillary branches) and internal (ophthalmic branches) carotid.
7
Q
What branches of the ophthalmic artery supply the nasal cavity?
A
anterior and posterior ethmoidal
8
Q
What branches of the maxillary artery supply the nasal cavity ?
A
sphenopalatine and greater palatine
9
Q
Which arteries only supplies the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
A
greater palatine and septal
10
Q
What is Kiesselbach’s (Little’s) area?
A
arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum that is a common site of epistaxis
11
Q
The superior and middle conchae are formed by which bone?
A
Ethmoid.
12
Q
What is the function of the conchae?
A
Creates turbulence for gas exchange.
Large surface area of respiratory mucosa
13
Q
What name is given to the spaces under the conchae?
A
meatuses
14
Q
where does the spenoethmoidal recess lie?
A
posterior to the superior concha
15
Q
Why are the meatuses important?
A
This is where the paranasal sinuses drain to
16
Q
at what level does the laryngopharynx become the oesophagus?
A
C6
17
Q
What type of cells line the paranasal sinuses?
A
mucous secreting respiratory mucosa
18
Q
What structure allows mucous to drain from the paranasal sinuses?
A
Via ostia in the lateral walls of the nasal cavities
19
Q
Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?
A
Spehnoethmoidal recess
20
Q
Where does the frontal sinus drain?
A
Through frontonasal duct into the middle meatus
21
Q
Where does the maxillary sinus drain?
A
Middle meatus
22
Q
What is the only structure that drains into the inferior meatus?
A
Nasolacrimal duct
23
Q
What paranasal sinuses are supplied by V1?
A
Frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal
24
Q
What paranasal sinuses are supplied by V2?
A
Maxillary
25
Why is the maxillary sinus predisposed to inflammation?
Very big
| Mucous has to work against gravity to move into the nasal cavity as ostia is located superiorly to the body of the sinus
26
What is the name given to the H shaped suture between the temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones?
Pterion
27
What is the thinnest part of the skull? What lies directly posterior to it?
Pterion
Middle meningeal artery
28
What are the two main parts of the temporal bone?
squamous
| petrous (rocky)
29
What are the bony features of the petrous part of the temporal bone?
external acoustic meatus
mastoid process
styloid process
zygomatic process
30
Where are the organs for hearing and balance contained?
Petrous part of the temporal bone
31
What bones make up the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid
32
What bones make up the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid and temporal
33
What bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?
Temporal and occipital
34
What is the only foramina in the anterior cranial fossa? What cranial nerve passes through it?
Olfactory
35
Which cranial nerves pass though the superior orbital fissure?
CN III, IV and V1
36
What cranial nerve passes through foramen rotundum?
V2
37
What cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale?
V3
38
What cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
VII and VIII
39
What cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
IX, X and XI
Internal jugular vein forms at this foramen
40
What are the three parts of the ear?
External
Middle
Internal
41
Where does the external ear encompass?
Auricle to tympanic membrane
42
What is the function of the external ear?
Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane via the external acoustic meatus.
43
Where does the middle ear encompass?
Tympanic membrane to oval window.
44
What is the function of the middle ear?
Amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear
45
What does the internal ear encompass?
Oval window to internal acoustic meatus
46
What are the parts of the auricle called?
helix
tragus
ear lobe
47
What is the general sensory supply to the auricle?
C2 and C3.
Small patches of sensory innervation from the facial nerve.
V3
X
48
What is the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane?
Umbo
49
What is the thick part of the tympanic membrane called?
Pars tensa
50
What is the thin part of the tympanic membrane called?
Pars flaccida
51
What nerve gives general sensory supply to the external surface of the tympanic membrane?
V3
52
What nerve gives sensory innervation to the middle ear, eustachian tube, nasopharynx, oropharynx and tonsils?
IX
53
What sort of joints lie between the auditory ossicles?
Synovial
54
What are the three bones of the middle ear?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
55
What name is given to the area of the middle ear above the tympanic membrane?
epitympanic recess
56
What is the name given to the area of the middle ear lying posterior to the tympanic membrane?
tympanic cavity proper
57
What is the function of the eustachian tube?
equalising air pressure
58
What name is given to the opening in the epitympanic recess that is a gateway to the mastoid antrum?
Aditus
59
What nerve is at high risk of damage in mastoidectomy due to its close relation to the middle ear cavity?
Facial nerve
60
Describe the path of the facial nerve.
Exits brainstem at junction between pons and medulla, passes directly into internal acoustic meatus. Passes through the internal acoustic meatus to the sylomastoid foramen via the facial canal
61
Which branch of the facial nerve provises innervation to the tastebuds of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and parasympathetic supply to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?
Chorda tympani
62
What is the function of the stapedius muscle? What nerve innervates it?
reduces stapes movement
| VII
63
Where do the muscles of facial expression insert into?
superficial fascia
64
What cranial nerve is affected in Bell's palsy?
VII
65
Which cranial nerve supplies the internal ear?
Vestibulocochlear
66
What are the spaces within the otic capsule known as?
Bony labyrinth
67
What fluid is contained within the bony labyrinth?
Perilymph
68
What is the name given to the structure that floats in the bony labyrinth? What fluid does it contain?
Membranous labyrinth
| Endolymph
69
What name is given to the apex of the cochlea?
Cupula
70
What part of the cochlea sends the APs to the brainstem in the cochlear nerve to allow hearing?
Cochlear duct
71
What is the anatomical name for the nostrils?
Nares
72
What name is given to the tip of the nose?
apex
73
What anatomical structure gives the lips their cupid's bow shape?
philtrum
74
Name the bones of the nasal cavity.
```
frontal
nasal
ethmoid
vomer
maxilla
sphenoid
palatine
inferior concha
```
75
Is the nasal septum vascular?
no
76
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity proper?
Upper and lower teeth (anterior)
Floor of mouth/tongue (inferior)
Oropharynx (posteriorly)
Hard palate and soft palate
77
What name is given to the cavity between the teeth and the lips?
Vestibule
78
What is the most inferior muscle in the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid
79
what three muscles make up the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid, geniohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
80
What name is given to the band of mucosa that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
frenulum
81
What are the papillae at the base of the frenulum?
openings of the ducts for the submandibular gland
82
What is the function of the minor salivary glands?
Basal secretions to keep the mouth moist
83
Is the parotid gland normally palpable?
no
84
Where does the duct of the parotid gland enter the oral cavity?
Crosses masseter and pierces medially through the buccinator and opens into the parotid papilla opposite the upper second molar
85
Is the submandibular gland usually palpable?
yes
86
Is the sublingual gland usually palpable?
no
87
Where do ducts from the sublingual gland open into the oral cavity?
Sublingual fold
88
Which branch of the facial nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the sublingual and submandibular glands?
Chorda tympani
89
Which cranial nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the parotid?
glossopharyngeal
90
Glossopharyngeal and chorda tympani hitch a ride on branches of which nerve?
CN V3
91
The facial nerve passes through the parotid gland. What innervation does it supply here?
NONE
92
Which nerve gives general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CNV3
93
Which nerve gives taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
CN VII
94
Where does the posterior 1/3 of the tongue lie?
Oropharynx
95
What line divides the horizontal and vertical parts of the tongue?
Terminal sulcus
96
What nerve gives all innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal
97
Which large papillae containing tastebuds lie just anterior to the terminal sulcus?
Vallate papillae
98
What structure in the tongue does the thyroid originate from embryologically?
foramen caecum
99
Name the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
100
What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
hold the tongue in the oral cavity. Change position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
101
How many pairs of muscles make up the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
4
102
Where does the styloglossus muscle originate from?
Styloid process
103
What nerve controls the muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal
104
The hypoglossal nerves runs lateral to which structure in the neck?
carotid sheath
105
If you ask a patient to stick out their tongue and it deviates to the right, which nerve is damaged?
Right hypoglossal nerve
106
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the tongue?
lingual
107
What bones make up the inferior surface of the hard palate?
maxilla
| palatine bones
108
What foramen lies at the anterior aspect of the inferior surface of the hard palate?
incisive foramen
109
What name is given to the transverse ridges in the mucosa of the hard palate?
Palatal rugae
110
What structures lie just deep to the mucosa covering the hard palate?
minor salivary glands
111
How many pairs of muscles are there in the soft palate?
5
112
What are the names of the muscles of the soft palate?
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
113
Which of the muscles of the soft palate hooks around the pterygoid hamulus?
Tensor veli palatini
114
Which muscle forms the first arch of the soft palate?
palatoglossus
115
Which muscle of the soft palate IS NOT supplied by the vagus nerve? What nerve does supply it?
Tensor veli palatini
CNV3
116
What nerve lis on the posterior surface of stylopharyngeus?
glosssopharyngeal
117
How many constrictor muscles are present in the pharynx?
3
Superior, middle and inferior
118
Which cranial nerve supplies the constrictor muscle of the pharynx?
vagus
119
Where do the constrictor muscles of the pharynx insert?
midline raphe
120
Name the three longitudinal muscles of the pharynx.
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeos
Saplingopharyngeus
121
Where do the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert?
posterior border if the thyroid cartilage
122
Which of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx IS NOT supplied by the vagus nerve?
Stylopharyngeus
123
What name is given to the posterior openings of the nasal cavity?
choana
124
What name is given to the defensive ring of lymphoid tissue around the larynx and pharynx?
Waldeyer's ring
125
What is the first group of lymph nodes that the tip of the tongue drains to?
submental
126
What is the function of the larynx?
regulates air flow
| protection from aspirated objects
127
Does the larynx contain bone or cartilage?
cartilage
128
What is encased in the pretracheal fascia?
```
strap muscles
thyroid
thrachea and larynx
oesophagus and pharynx
recurrent laryngeal nerves
```
129
At what level does the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage lie?
C4/5
130
At what level is the hyoid bone'?
C3
131
At what level is the cricoid cartilage?
C6
132
In what lung are you most likely to get an aspiration pneumonia?
right
133
What bones make up the nasal septum?
ethmoid
| vomer
134
What is the epiglottis made of?
Elastic cartilage
135
What structure connects the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid?
Thyrohyoid membrane
136
What joint allows movement of the thyroid cartilage?
Cricothyroid joint
137
Where do the vocal folds attach?
arytenoid cartilages
138
which joint allows movement of the vocal folds by arytenoid cartilages?
cricoartytenoid joint
139
What are the three areas of the larynx?
Laryngeal vestibule
Laryngeal ventricle
Infra-glottic cavity
140
What structures form the edge of the laryngeal inlet?
vestibular folds
141
What structure has lots of glands to keep the larynx moist?
Saccule
142
What name is given to the space between the true vocal cords?
Rima glottidis
143
What nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
vagus
144
Which muscles cause the vocal cords to tense, increasing pitch?
cricothyroid muscles
145
Which muscles relax the vocal cords, deepening pitch?
thyroarytenoid muscles (vocalis)
146
Which muscles adduct the vocal cords, bringing them together and making the voice quieter?
lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
147
Which muscles abduct the vocal cords, making the voice louder? It is also used in deep respiration
posterior crico-arytenoid muscles.
148
Which muscle contracts, allowing us to whisper?
Lateral crico-arytenoids
149
What three sounds are nasal?
m, n, ing
150
How do we create nasal sounds?
soft palate tenses (V3) and descends (X) to close of the oropharynx and directs a stream of air through the nasal cavities. Sound depends on the position of the tongue (XII) and lips (VII)
151
How do we create oral sounds?
Soft palate tenses (V3) and elevates (X) to close off the entrance to the nasopharynx and directs stream of air through the oral cavity. Sound is interrupted by the tongue (XII) and lips (VII) to produce most vowels and consonants.
152
What muscle is not supplied? by the inferior laryngeal nerve (CN X)
Cricothyroid
Superior laryngeal nerve (CN X)
153
What branch of CN X supplies the mucosa above the vocal folds?
Internal laryngeal nerve
154
What branch of CN X supplies the mucosa below the vocal folds?
inferior laryngeal nerve
155
At what level does the recurrent laryngeal nerve become the inferior laryngeal nerve?
cricothyroid joint
