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Year 2 > ENT anatomy > Flashcards

ENT anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve gives sense of smell?

A

Olfactory

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2
Q

What type of mucosa allows us to smell?

A

olfactory mucosa

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3
Q

What structure forms the olfactory bulb?

A

ganglia

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4
Q

What is the name given to the spaghetti like cells that pass through the cribrifrom late into the olfactory mucosa?

A

Receptor cells

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5
Q

What nerve supplys somatic sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?

A

trigeminal
Ophthalmic=anterosuperiorly
Maxillary=posteroinferiorly

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6
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the nasal cavity.

A

External (facial and maxillary branches) and internal (ophthalmic branches) carotid.

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7
Q

What branches of the ophthalmic artery supply the nasal cavity?

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal

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8
Q

What branches of the maxillary artery supply the nasal cavity ?

A

sphenopalatine and greater palatine

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9
Q

Which arteries only supplies the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

greater palatine and septal

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10
Q

What is Kiesselbach’s (Little’s) area?

A

arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum that is a common site of epistaxis

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11
Q

The superior and middle conchae are formed by which bone?

A

Ethmoid.

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12
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

Creates turbulence for gas exchange.

Large surface area of respiratory mucosa

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13
Q

What name is given to the spaces under the conchae?

A

meatuses

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14
Q

where does the spenoethmoidal recess lie?

A

posterior to the superior concha

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15
Q

Why are the meatuses important?

A

This is where the paranasal sinuses drain to

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16
Q

at what level does the laryngopharynx become the oesophagus?

A

C6

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17
Q

What type of cells line the paranasal sinuses?

A

mucous secreting respiratory mucosa

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18
Q

What structure allows mucous to drain from the paranasal sinuses?

A

Via ostia in the lateral walls of the nasal cavities

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19
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?

A

Spehnoethmoidal recess

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20
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain?

A

Through frontonasal duct into the middle meatus

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21
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain?

A

Middle meatus

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22
Q

What is the only structure that drains into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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23
Q

What paranasal sinuses are supplied by V1?

A

Frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal

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24
Q

What paranasal sinuses are supplied by V2?

A

Maxillary

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25
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus predisposed to inflammation?

A

Very big

Mucous has to work against gravity to move into the nasal cavity as ostia is located superiorly to the body of the sinus

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26
Q

What is the name given to the H shaped suture between the temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones?

A

Pterion

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27
Q

What is the thinnest part of the skull? What lies directly posterior to it?

A

Pterion

Middle meningeal artery

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28
Q

What are the two main parts of the temporal bone?

A

squamous

petrous (rocky)

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29
Q

What are the bony features of the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

external acoustic meatus
mastoid process
styloid process
zygomatic process

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30
Q

Where are the organs for hearing and balance contained?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

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31
Q

What bones make up the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid

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32
Q

What bones make up the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid and temporal

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33
Q

What bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Temporal and occipital

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34
Q

What is the only foramina in the anterior cranial fossa? What cranial nerve passes through it?

A

Olfactory

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35
Q

Which cranial nerves pass though the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV and V1

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36
Q

What cranial nerve passes through foramen rotundum?

A

V2

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37
Q

What cranial nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

A

V3

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38
Q

What cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

VII and VIII

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39
Q

What cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

IX, X and XI

Internal jugular vein forms at this foramen

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40
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

External
Middle
Internal

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41
Q

Where does the external ear encompass?

A

Auricle to tympanic membrane

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42
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane via the external acoustic meatus.

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43
Q

Where does the middle ear encompass?

A

Tympanic membrane to oval window.

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44
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear

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45
Q

What does the internal ear encompass?

A

Oval window to internal acoustic meatus

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46
Q

What are the parts of the auricle called?

A

helix
tragus
ear lobe

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47
Q

What is the general sensory supply to the auricle?

A

C2 and C3.
Small patches of sensory innervation from the facial nerve.
V3
X

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48
Q

What is the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane?

A

Umbo

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49
Q

What is the thick part of the tympanic membrane called?

A

Pars tensa

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50
Q

What is the thin part of the tympanic membrane called?

A

Pars flaccida

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51
Q

What nerve gives general sensory supply to the external surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

V3

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52
Q

What nerve gives sensory innervation to the middle ear, eustachian tube, nasopharynx, oropharynx and tonsils?

A

IX

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53
Q

What sort of joints lie between the auditory ossicles?

A

Synovial

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54
Q

What are the three bones of the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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55
Q

What name is given to the area of the middle ear above the tympanic membrane?

A

epitympanic recess

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56
Q

What is the name given to the area of the middle ear lying posterior to the tympanic membrane?

A

tympanic cavity proper

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57
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

equalising air pressure

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58
Q

What name is given to the opening in the epitympanic recess that is a gateway to the mastoid antrum?

A

Aditus

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59
Q

What nerve is at high risk of damage in mastoidectomy due to its close relation to the middle ear cavity?

A

Facial nerve

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60
Q

Describe the path of the facial nerve.

A

Exits brainstem at junction between pons and medulla, passes directly into internal acoustic meatus. Passes through the internal acoustic meatus to the sylomastoid foramen via the facial canal

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61
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve provises innervation to the tastebuds of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and parasympathetic supply to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?

A

Chorda tympani

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62
Q

What is the function of the stapedius muscle? What nerve innervates it?

A

reduces stapes movement

VII

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63
Q

Where do the muscles of facial expression insert into?

A

superficial fascia

64
Q

What cranial nerve is affected in Bell’s palsy?

A

VII

65
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the internal ear?

A

Vestibulocochlear

66
Q

What are the spaces within the otic capsule known as?

A

Bony labyrinth

67
Q

What fluid is contained within the bony labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

68
Q

What is the name given to the structure that floats in the bony labyrinth? What fluid does it contain?

A

Membranous labyrinth

Endolymph

69
Q

What name is given to the apex of the cochlea?

A

Cupula

70
Q

What part of the cochlea sends the APs to the brainstem in the cochlear nerve to allow hearing?

A

Cochlear duct

71
Q

What is the anatomical name for the nostrils?

A

Nares

72
Q

What name is given to the tip of the nose?

A

apex

73
Q

What anatomical structure gives the lips their cupid’s bow shape?

A

philtrum

74
Q

Name the bones of the nasal cavity.

A 
frontal
nasal
ethmoid
vomer
maxilla
sphenoid
palatine
inferior concha
75
Q

Is the nasal septum vascular?

A

no

76
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity proper?

A

Upper and lower teeth (anterior)
Floor of mouth/tongue (inferior)
Oropharynx (posteriorly)
Hard palate and soft palate

77
Q

What name is given to the cavity between the teeth and the lips?

A

Vestibule

78
Q

What is the most inferior muscle in the floor of the mouth?

A

mylohyoid

79
Q

what three muscles make up the floor of the mouth?

A

mylohyoid, geniohyoid and anterior belly of digastric

80
Q

What name is given to the band of mucosa that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

frenulum

81
Q

What are the papillae at the base of the frenulum?

A

openings of the ducts for the submandibular gland

82
Q

What is the function of the minor salivary glands?

A

Basal secretions to keep the mouth moist

83
Q

Is the parotid gland normally palpable?

A

no

84
Q

Where does the duct of the parotid gland enter the oral cavity?

A

Crosses masseter and pierces medially through the buccinator and opens into the parotid papilla opposite the upper second molar

85
Q

Is the submandibular gland usually palpable?

A

yes

86
Q

Is the sublingual gland usually palpable?

A

no

87
Q

Where do ducts from the sublingual gland open into the oral cavity?

A

Sublingual fold

88
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the sublingual and submandibular glands?

A

Chorda tympani

89
Q

Which cranial nerve gives parasympathetic innervation to the parotid?

A

glossopharyngeal

90
Q

Glossopharyngeal and chorda tympani hitch a ride on branches of which nerve?

A

CN V3

91
Q

The facial nerve passes through the parotid gland. What innervation does it supply here?

A

NONE

92
Q

Which nerve gives general sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CNV3

93
Q

Which nerve gives taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN VII

94
Q

Where does the posterior 1/3 of the tongue lie?

A

Oropharynx

95
Q

What line divides the horizontal and vertical parts of the tongue?

A

Terminal sulcus

96
Q

What nerve gives all innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal

97
Q

Which large papillae containing tastebuds lie just anterior to the terminal sulcus?

A

Vallate papillae

98
Q

What structure in the tongue does the thyroid originate from embryologically?

A

foramen caecum

99
Q

Name the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

A

Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus

100
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

hold the tongue in the oral cavity. Change position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech

101
Q

How many pairs of muscles make up the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

4

102
Q

Where does the styloglossus muscle originate from?

A

Styloid process

103
Q

What nerve controls the muscles of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal

104
Q

The hypoglossal nerves runs lateral to which structure in the neck?

A

carotid sheath

105
Q

If you ask a patient to stick out their tongue and it deviates to the right, which nerve is damaged?

A

Right hypoglossal nerve

106
Q

Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the tongue?

A

lingual

107
Q

What bones make up the inferior surface of the hard palate?

A

maxilla

palatine bones

108
Q

What foramen lies at the anterior aspect of the inferior surface of the hard palate?

A

incisive foramen

109
Q

What name is given to the transverse ridges in the mucosa of the hard palate?

A

Palatal rugae

110
Q

What structures lie just deep to the mucosa covering the hard palate?

A

minor salivary glands

111
Q

How many pairs of muscles are there in the soft palate?

A

5

112
Q

What are the names of the muscles of the soft palate?

A

levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus

113
Q

Which of the muscles of the soft palate hooks around the pterygoid hamulus?

A

Tensor veli palatini

114
Q

Which muscle forms the first arch of the soft palate?

A

palatoglossus

115
Q

Which muscle of the soft palate IS NOT supplied by the vagus nerve? What nerve does supply it?

A

Tensor veli palatini

CNV3

116
Q

What nerve lis on the posterior surface of stylopharyngeus?

A

glosssopharyngeal

117
Q

How many constrictor muscles are present in the pharynx?

A

3

Superior, middle and inferior

118
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the constrictor muscle of the pharynx?

A

vagus

119
Q

Where do the constrictor muscles of the pharynx insert?

A

midline raphe

120
Q

Name the three longitudinal muscles of the pharynx.

A

Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeos
Saplingopharyngeus

121
Q

Where do the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert?

A

posterior border if the thyroid cartilage

122
Q

Which of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx IS NOT supplied by the vagus nerve?

A

Stylopharyngeus

123
Q

What name is given to the posterior openings of the nasal cavity?

A

choana

124
Q

What name is given to the defensive ring of lymphoid tissue around the larynx and pharynx?

A

Waldeyer’s ring

125
Q

What is the first group of lymph nodes that the tip of the tongue drains to?

A

submental

126
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

regulates air flow

protection from aspirated objects

127
Q

Does the larynx contain bone or cartilage?

A

cartilage

128
Q

What is encased in the pretracheal fascia?

A 
strap muscles
thyroid
thrachea and larynx
oesophagus and pharynx
recurrent laryngeal nerves
129
Q

At what level does the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage lie?

A

C4/5

130
Q

At what level is the hyoid bone’?

A

C3

131
Q

At what level is the cricoid cartilage?

A

C6

132
Q

In what lung are you most likely to get an aspiration pneumonia?

A

right

133
Q

What bones make up the nasal septum?

A

ethmoid

vomer

134
Q

What is the epiglottis made of?

A

Elastic cartilage

135
Q

What structure connects the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid?

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

136
Q

What joint allows movement of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Cricothyroid joint

137
Q

Where do the vocal folds attach?

A

arytenoid cartilages

138
Q

which joint allows movement of the vocal folds by arytenoid cartilages?

A

cricoartytenoid joint

139
Q

What are the three areas of the larynx?

A

Laryngeal vestibule
Laryngeal ventricle
Infra-glottic cavity

140
Q

What structures form the edge of the laryngeal inlet?

A

vestibular folds

141
Q

What structure has lots of glands to keep the larynx moist?

A

Saccule

142
Q

What name is given to the space between the true vocal cords?

A

Rima glottidis

143
Q

What nerve innervates the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

vagus

144
Q

Which muscles cause the vocal cords to tense, increasing pitch?

A

cricothyroid muscles

145
Q

Which muscles relax the vocal cords, deepening pitch?

A

thyroarytenoid muscles (vocalis)

146
Q

Which muscles adduct the vocal cords, bringing them together and making the voice quieter?

A

lateral crico-arytenoid muscles

147
Q

Which muscles abduct the vocal cords, making the voice louder? It is also used in deep respiration

A

posterior crico-arytenoid muscles.

148
Q

Which muscle contracts, allowing us to whisper?

A

Lateral crico-arytenoids

149
Q

What three sounds are nasal?

A

m, n, ing

150
Q

How do we create nasal sounds?

A

soft palate tenses (V3) and descends (X) to close of the oropharynx and directs a stream of air through the nasal cavities. Sound depends on the position of the tongue (XII) and lips (VII)

151
Q

How do we create oral sounds?

A

Soft palate tenses (V3) and elevates (X) to close off the entrance to the nasopharynx and directs stream of air through the oral cavity. Sound is interrupted by the tongue (XII) and lips (VII) to produce most vowels and consonants.

152
Q

What muscle is not supplied? by the inferior laryngeal nerve (CN X)

A

Cricothyroid

Superior laryngeal nerve (CN X)

153
Q

What branch of CN X supplies the mucosa above the vocal folds?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

154
Q

What branch of CN X supplies the mucosa below the vocal folds?

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

155
Q

At what level does the recurrent laryngeal nerve become the inferior laryngeal nerve?

A

cricothyroid joint

Year 2 (6 decks)

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