MSK Flashcards
What causes osteoarthritis?
Combination of genetic factors, overuse and injury
What are the risk factors for osteroarthritis?
Obestiy, Age, occupation, trauma, female, family history
What are the 4 key X-ray changes in osteoarthritis?
LOSS: Loss of joint space Osteophytes Subchondral sclerosis Subchondral cysts
What is subchondral sclerosis?
Increased density of the bone along the joint line
What are subchondral cysts?
Fluid-filled holes in the bone.
What is the subchondral bone?
Layer of bone just below the cartilage in a joint (chondral= cartilage)
What are the two types of bone structure?
Macro and micro
What are the types of macro bone structure?
Cortical
Trabecular
What is the structure of cortical bone and where is it found?
Compact, dense. Only spaces are for cells and blood vessels.
Typically found in outer layer of long bones.
80% of bone mass
What is the structure of trabecular bone and where is it found?
Cancellous (spongy) with network of struts (trabeculae). Cells are in the trabeculae and blood vessels in holes.
Found in end of long bones.
What are the different micro bone structures?
Woven bone
Lamellar bone
What is woven bone and where is it found?
Made quickly, disorganised with no clear structure.
Found in places with rapid bone growth, replacement or high bone turnover.
What happens to woven bone after completion of growth?
It turns into lamellar bone
What is lamellar bone and how does it form?
Organised bone with a layered structure. Made slowly from the remodelling of immature woven bone.
What are the different types of bone?
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones
What are the main bone cells?
Osteoclast
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Bone lining cell
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Form bone:
Produce type 1 collagen and mineralise the extracellular matrix
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Resorb bone:
Dissolve the mineralised matrix (acid) and breakdown collagen (enzymes)
How are bones made to be the right shape?
Modelling and remodelling: gross shape made, bone added and taken away then all bone is replaced.
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells involved in the maintenance of bone (osteoblast enclosed in the matrix)
What is the composition of bone?
- 50-70% mineral (Hydroxyapatite)
- 20-40% organic matrix: Type one collagen (90%), non-collagenous proteins (10%)
- 5-10% water.
What is the purpose of mineral in bone and what is the purpose of the collagen?
Mineral provides stiffness
Collagen provides elasticity.
What is the function of joints?
- Allow movement in 3 dimensions
- Bear weight
- Transfer load evenly
What are the different types of joint (with examples)?
- Fibrous (teeth sockets)
- Cartilaginous (Intervertebral discs)
- Synovial (metacarpophalangeal and knee joint)