MSK

Question 1

What are bones composed of

Answer 1

Nervous tissue
Muscle and epithelial tissue
Connective tissue (osseous tissue

Question 2

Osseous tissue

Answer 2

Connective tissue that contains specialised cells and an extracellular matrix

Question 3

Extracellular matrix

Answer 3

Ground substances
Collagen fibres (flexibility and tensile)
Calcium phosphate crystals (hard and compressive)

Question 4

Specialised cells of osseous tissue

Answer 4

Osteoprogenitors cells
Osetoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

Question 5

Osteoprogenitors cells

Answer 5

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Question 6

Osteoblasts

Answer 6

BUILD

Produce and secrete collagen fibres and ground substance = matrix

Question 7

Osteoclasts

Answer 7

REABSORBING

Break down the matrix and release stored minerals

Question 8

Osteocytes

Answer 8

MAINTAIN

Mature bone cells that maintain the matrix

Question 9

Compact bone

Answer 9

Outer layer of bone arranged into osteons = resist force applied to ends

Question 10

Periosteum

Answer 10

Outer connective tissue membrane of compact bone

Question 11

Spongy bone

Answer 11

Internal layer of bone arranged into trabeculae = resist forces from all directions

Question 12

Endosteum

Answer 12

Internal connective tissue membrane of spongy bone

Question 13

Interstitial growth

Answer 13

LENGTHENS

Occurs at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.

Question 14

Appositional growth

Answer 14

WIDENS

Occurs at the outer surface of all bones

Question 15

Types of cartilage

Answer 15

Hyaline = most abundant (epiphyseal plates)
Elastic = forms shape of structure
Fibrocartilage = highly resilient to pressure, high strength

Question 16

End of bone

Answer 16

Epiphysis

Question 17

Shaft

Answer 17

Diaphysis

Question 18

What comprises central canal of bone?

Answer 18

Nerve
Artery
Vein

Question 19

End of bone growth

Answer 19

Epiphyseal plate closure

Rate of bone formation exceeds rate of cartilage formation; cartilage replaced by bone = epiphyseal line

Question 20

Purpose of bone remodelling

Answer 20

Maintains bone mass and strength

Replaces old matrix with new matrix

Question 21

Bone resorption

Answer 21

Osteoclasts breakdown old matrix

Question 22

Bone deposition

Answer 22

Osteoblasts produce new matrix

Question 23

Steps of fracture repair

Answer 23

1. Haematoma forms
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. Bony callus of spongy bone forms (fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by spongy bone)
4. Bone remodelling

Question 24

Osteomalacia (Rickets in children)

Answer 24

Bones are poorly mineralised → lack calcium phosphate crystals
Bones are soft, very flexible and easily deformed
Insufficient calcium intake or a vitamin D deficiency

Question 25

Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

Answer 25

Congenital bone disorder that affects the quantity and/or quality of collagen fibres
Bones are brittle and easily fractured

Question 26

Osteoporosis

Answer 26

Bone resorption outpaces bone deposition - reduction in bone mass compromises normal bone function

Bones have normal matrix components, but in reduced amounts → bones are porous, light, fragile and easily fractured

Question 27

Synarthrosis joint

Answer 27

Immovable

Question 28

Amphiarthrosis joint

Answer 28

Slightly movable

Question 29

Diathrosis joing

Answer 29

Freely movable

Question 30

Stabilising features of a synovial joint

Answer 30

Reinforcing ligament
Muscle tendons
Articular capsule
Menisci

Question 31

Friction reduction features of a synovial joint

Answer 31

Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Menisci
Bursa/tendon sheath

Question 32

Fasicle

Answer 32

Group fo muscle fibres (endomysium)

Covered by perimysium

Question 33

Muscle fibre

Answer 33

Group of myofibril

Covered by endomysium

Question 34

Myofibril

Answer 34

Group of sarcomere

Covered by sarcolemma (PM)

Question 35

Sarcomere

Answer 35

Composed of:
Contractile proteins -
Thick (myosin) and thin (actin)