Heart A&P

Question 1

Pericardium

Answer 1

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

Question 2

Parietal pericardium

Answer 2

Outer layer of pericaridum

Anchors heart to surrounding tissue

Question 3

Visceral pericardium

Answer 3

Inner layer of the pericardium that forms the outer layer of the heart
Produces pericardial fluid

Question 4

Purpose of pericardial fluid

Answer 4

Lubricates epicardial surface

Reduces friction with pericardium

Question 5

Epicardium

Answer 5

Outer epithelial layer of the heart

Question 6

Myocardium

Answer 6

Thick middle cardiac muscle layer of the heart

Question 7

Endocardium

Answer 7

Inner heart layer of endothelial cells.

Question 8

Trabeculae carnea

Answer 8

muscular ridges

prevent suction that could occur between sides of ventricles

Question 9

Chordae tendinea

Answer 9

holds AV valves in place

Question 10

Papillary muscles

Answer 10

Contract to prevent inversion of AV valves

Question 11

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 11

coronary arteries become narrowed and hardened, weakens the myocardium and contributes to heart failure

Question 12

Angina pectoris

Answer 12

Temporary deficiency in myocardial blood supply during increased physical activity
thoracic pain

Question 13

Myocardial infarction

Answer 13

Prolonged coronary artery blockage
Myocardial cell death
Impaired cardiac function

Question 14

Cardiac cycle

Answer 14

1. Ventricular filling
   a) Passive filling
   b) Articular systole
2. Ventricular systole
   a) Isovolumetric contraction
   b) ventricular systole
3. Ventricular diastole
   a) Ventricular diastole (early)
   b) Isovolumetric diastole

Question 15

Sound 1

Answer 15

Closure of AV valves

Question 16

Sound 2

Answer 16

Closure of SL valves

Question 17

Intrinsic conduction steps

Answer 17

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node = pacemaker = depolarises A 100/min
2. Artioventricular (AV) node = delays depolarisation
3. AV bundle = conducts
4. Bundle branches (R and L) = apex
5. Purkinje fibres = sides of V walls

Question 18

P wave

Answer 18

Atrial depolarisation (SA node)

Question 19

QRS complex

Answer 19

Ventricular depolarisation (AV node, bundle branches, P fibres)
Atrial repolarisation

Question 20

T wave

Answer 20

Ventricular repolarisation

Question 21

Cardioacceleratory centre

Answer 21

Sympathetic
Increases HR and force
SA and AV nodes
Ventricular myocardium

Question 22

Cardioinhibitory centre

Answer 22

Parasympathetic
Decreases HR
SA and AV nodes