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anatomy 403 - MSK > MSK 4 - Neck & Back > Flashcards

MSK 4 - Neck & Back Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 types of vertebrae

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum (fused), coccyx (fused)

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2
Q

How many of each type of vertebrae are there

A

7 C, 12 T, 5 L, 5 S, 4 CX

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3
Q

What is the vertebral body

A

circular, main weight bearing component

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4
Q

what is the vertebral body made of

A

mostly spongy bone

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5
Q

what is the transverse process

A

most lateral posterior protuberance. points of attachment for muscles and bones

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6
Q

what is the spinous process

A

medial posterior protuberance, palpable posteriorly

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7
Q

what is a vertebral pedicle

A

unites body with lamina

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8
Q

what is a vertebral lamina

A

between spinous and transverse process

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9
Q

what is a vertebral foramen

A

hole in center of vertebra, forms vertebral canal with articulated vertebrae

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10
Q

what is a vertebral arch

A

arch on posterior aspect of foramen, formed by pedicle, lamina, lamina, pedicle

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11
Q

what are vertebral articular processes and facets

A

protuberances from lamina, articulate with adjacent vertebrae

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12
Q

what are inferior and superior vertebral notches

A

indentations on pedicles (visible from a lateral view)

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13
Q

what are intervertebral foramen

A

passage of spinal nerves, visible from a lateral view

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14
Q

which vertebrae articulate with the ribs

A

thoracic

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15
Q

define the vertebral column

A

vertebrae and associated connective tissue

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16
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A

protection of the spinal cord, point of attachment for bones and muscles, cartilaginous and synovial joints between adjacent vertebrae allow movement

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17
Q

movements allowed by the vertebral column

A

hyperextension, flexion, rotation, lateral flexion

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18
Q

disc thickness increases in what directions moving along the spine

A

inferiorly

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19
Q

what type of joint are intervertebral discs

A

symphysis; cartilaginous

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20
Q

on what levels of the spinal cord do intervertebral discs exist

A

C2/3 to L5/S1

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21
Q

what are the two components of an intervertebral disc

A

anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus

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22
Q

what is anulus fibrosus

A

outer component of discs made up of fibrocartilage that is thinner posteriorly

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23
Q

what is nucleus pulposus

A

inner component of discs that is semifluid

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24
Q

what type of joint are facet joints

A

plane joint, synovial

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25
what are articular facets and processes
areas of vertebrae articulation (facet receives the process)
26
what are the three components of the erector spinae mm
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
27
what is iliocostalis
lateral most component of erector spinae mm
28
what is longissimus
middle component of erector spinae mm
29
what is spinalis
medial most component of erector spinae mm
30
what is the action of erector spinae mm
bilateral: extension of vertebral column unilateral: lateral flexion of vertebral column
31
what direction do intervertebral discs often herniate
posterolaterally
32
what are some risk factors / clinical presentations of intervertebral disc herniation
age, lower back pain
33
what portion of the intervertebral disc herniates
anulus fibrosus tears, nucleaus pulposus leaks out
34
if the L4/L5 intervertebral disc were to herniate, which structures would be vulnerable to compression
spinal cord / sciatic nerve
35
what is a secondary curvature and its root name
convex / extended (shape of belly), lordosis, following extension from fetal position
36
what is a primary curvature and its root name
concave / flexed (cat back), kyphosis
37
what curvature are present inn fetal position
one primary
38
what are the 4 adult curvatures
cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sacral kyphosis
39
what is excessive thoracic kyphosis and when does it often occur
"hunch back", often associated with osteoporosis, microfractures leading to the collapse of the vertebral body
40
what is excessive lumbar lordosis and when does it often occur
anterior tilting of the pelvis, "arch back", often associated with sudden weight gain (weakened trunk muscles)
41
what is scoliosis
lateral curvature, vertebrae rotate
42
what curvature is developed when babies learn to hold up their head
cervical lordosis
43
what curvature is developed when babies learn to walk
lumbar lordosis
44
what is the function of spinal curvatures
allow flexibility and absorb shock
45
describe the action and range of motion cervical vertebrae are capable of
considerable ROM, flexion, extension, rotation
46
what are transverse foramina and where are they found
lateral opening in cervical vertebrae that allow the vertebral aa to pass
47
what is a bifid spinous process and where is it found
two pronged spinous process, C2-6
48
what is C1 called
atlas
49
what is C2 called
axis
50
what type of joint are atlanto-axial joints
pivot, synovial
51
where are atlanto-axial joints found
between c1 and c2
52
what motion is allowed by atlanto-axial joints
rotational movement of neck 'no'
53
describe special features of c1
no vertebral body, no spinous process, articular facets, transverse processes
54
describe special features of c2
dens (odontoid) process projects superiorly from vertebral body, bifid spinous process
55
what is vertebra prominens
c7, prominent spinous process (not bifid), seen and palpated at base of neck
56
what is external occipital protuberance
palpable attachment point for trapezius m and ligaments of the neck, bump on occipital bone
57
which joint of the vertebral column is a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head
atlanto-axial joint
58
what is the hypoid bone (shape, type of bone, level, special features)
horse-shoe shaped irregular bone that does not articulate with other bones, at c3
59
what attaches to the hyoid bone (generally)
anterior neck muscles and ligaments
60
attachment of sternocleidomastoid m
sternum and clavicle mastoid process (temporal bone)
61
action of sternocleidomastoid m
bilateral: flexion of the cervical vertebrae unilateral: lateral flexion of neck and rotation of face in opposite direction
62
innervation of sternocleidomastoid m
CN XI accessory n
63
what is the action of the supra-hyoid mm
support and elevate hyoid and form floor of mouth
64
what is the action of the infra-hyoid mm
support and depress hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speaking

anatomy 403 - MSK (8 decks)

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