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pt momints ver 2.0 > MS1: Generalities > Flashcards

MS1: Generalities Flashcards

1
Q

describe the characteristics of a bone

A
  • highly vascular CT
  • most rigid CT
  • contains org nd inorg substances
  • undergoes constant metabolism and remodeling
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2
Q

what are the shapes of bones

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. irregular
  4. flat
  5. cuboidal
  6. sesamoid
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3
Q

describe the structure of flat and cuboidal bones

A

it has an outer and inner layer of compact bone with cancellous bone in between

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4
Q

constitutes to 80% of the skeleton

A

compact bone

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5
Q

describe the structure of compact bone

A
  • has tightly packed osteons or haversian systems
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6
Q

what connects osteons

A

volkmanns canals

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7
Q

what is interstitial lamellae

A

space between osteons or kung san sila nakapatong

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8
Q

what is cement line

A

outer border of osteons

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9
Q

it connects interstitial lamellae

A

fibrils but does cross the cement line

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10
Q

describe the characteristic of compact bones

A

slow turnover rate
higher modulus - less stretch
more stiff

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11
Q

what are the contents of compact bones

A

arterioles
venules
cappilaries
nerves
lymphatic channels

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12
Q

describe cancellous bone

A

high turnover rate
smaller modulus - more stretch
more elastic

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13
Q

describe the remodeling in cancellous bones

A

happens according to lines of stress

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14
Q

what are the layers of long bone from superficial to deep

A

periosteum - outer fibrous cover
cortex - compact bone w haversian systems
endosteum - spongy bone layer
medullary canal

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15
Q

what is the physis

A

separates epiphysis from metaphysis
epiphysial plate in children

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16
Q

found at the ends of long bones from distal to proximal

A

epiphysis
physis
metaphysis
diaphesis

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17
Q

compare lamellar vs woven architecture

A

lamellar - more organized or alternating layers
- normal architecture of cortical nd cancellous

woven - interconnected nd has no pattern
- immature or pathological
- woven matures to lamellar

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18
Q

where are bone cells from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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19
Q

compare membranous vs cartilaginous bone formation

A

membranous: stem cell - osteoblast - bone

cartilaginous: stem cell - chondrocyte - bone

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20
Q

give examples of membranous bone formation

A

skull, facial bones, clavicle

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21
Q

give examples of enchondral bone formation

A

majority of bones

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22
Q

how early does enchondral bone formation start

A

6 wks in womb - at birth some ossified some not
ossifies until 20 yrs old

23
Q

describe osteoblasts

A

BUILDS

forms bone from organic non-mineralized matrix
from mesenchymal stem cells affected by interluekins, PDGF, IDGF - becomes kung ano man

24
Q

describe osteocytes

A

LIVING CELLS

90% of cells in mature skeleton
former osteoblast
regulates extracellular calcium nd phosphorus in bones

25
describe osteoclasts
CONSUMES - ruffled brush border multinucleated from hematopoietic blood cells - macrophages
26
where does bine resorption occur
howship's lacunae
27
what are osteoprogenitor cells
from mesenchymal cells lines haversian canals, endosteum, periosteum
28
compare the differentations of osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblast - low strain, high O2 tension cartilage - intermediate strain, low O2 tension fibrous tissue - high strain
29
comprises 40% of dry weight of bone
organic components
30
comprises 60% of dry weight of bone
inorganic componenets
31
what makes most of organic components in bones
collagen - 90%
32
what are the organic components of bones
collagen - type 1 for tensile strength or elasticity proteoglycans - compressive strength matrix proteins - mineralizations and bone formation growth factors and cytokines
33
what are the inorganic compounds of bones
calcium hydroxyapatite - hard component for compressive strength calcium phosphate
34
what is wolffs law
remodeling occurs to mechanical stress
35
what is heuter-volmann law
compressive forces inhibits growth - tension promotes growth
36
compare cortical vs cancellous bone remodeling
cortical - osteoclastic tunneling - osteoclasts cuts cone tunnels - osteoblast layer on tunnels - deposition of lamellae cancellous - osteoclasts resorp bones then osteoblasts lay new bone
37
how much cardiac output does the bone receive
5-10%
38
what are the 3 systems long bones receive blood
nutrient artery - from systemic arteries - enters diaphyseal cortex via nutrient forame - enter medullary canal to ascend/descend arteries metaphyseal-epiphyseal - from periarticular vascular plexus - genicular arteries periosteal - capillaries in outer third of mature diaphyseal cortex
39
describe the arterial blood flow in bones
centrifugal - inside to outside - high psi nutrient artery to low psi periosteal system
40
describe blood flow in fractures/immature/developing
centripetal - outside to inside - nutrient artery system is disrupted - get blood from outside
41
describe venous blood flow in bones
centripetal - outside to inside - cortical capillaries to venous sinusoids - drains to emissary venous system
42
what is the periosteum
ct membrane that coves bone highly developed in children
43
compare the layers of periosteum from superficial to deep
fibrous - less cellular contiguous w joint capsule cambium - loose nd vascular - has cells that can become osteoblasts that enlarges diameter of bone during growth or form periosteal callus during fracture healing
44
bone marrow is the source of what cells
progenitor cells
45
compare red and yellow marrow
red marrow - hematopoetic - produces - 40% water, 40% fat, 20% protein - changes to yellow marrow w age yellow marrow - inactive - 15% water, 80% fat, 5% protein
46
what is physis
growth plates in immature bones
47
what are the physeal cartilage zones
reserve proliferative hypertrophic
48
what is the reserve zone
- cells store lipids, glycogen and proteoglycans - decreased O2 tension
49
what is the proliferative zone
- longitudinal growth - stacking chondrocytes - inc O2 = inc proteoglycans = inhibit calcification - cellular proliferation and matrix production
50
what disease affects the reserve zone
gauchers - lysosomal storage disease
51
what disease affects proliferative zone
gh - gigantism/achondroplasia
52
what is the 3 zones of hypertrophic zone
maturation - chondrocytes enlarge and hypertophy degenerative zone - chondrocytes increase 5x more and matrix prepared for calcification provisional calcification - chondrocytes degenerate and die = calcium is released = matrix will calcify
53
what is the hypertrophic zone
osteoblasts migrate from sinusoidal vessels and uses cartilage to form bone/calcify low oxygen tension and dec proteoglycan aggregates
54
what diseases affect hypertrophic zone
maturation nd degenerative - mucopolysaccharide disease provisional calcification - rickets

pt momints ver 2.0 (14 decks)

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