KINES: Biomechanics and Kinematics Flashcards
is is the study of human movement
kinesiology
it deals with human movements
biomechanics
what are the two branches of mechanics
kinematics - description of human motion
kinetics - study of forces that affects movement
what are the two types of kinetics
statics - movement at rest
dynamics - movement at motion
how do we analyze human motion
quali - describe the movement
quanti - measurable variable that describes movement
what is osteokinematics
gross movements
movements between shafts of adjacent bones
give an example of quali/quanti of osteokinematics
measurement of ROM - quanti
raising shoulders forward - quali
what is arthrokinematics
minute movements inside the joint capsule
difficult to observe = palpate
what are the kinematic qualitative variables
type of displacement
location of displacement
direction of displacement
magnitude of displacement
rate of change of displacement - v
rate of change of velocity - a
types of displacement in kinematics
translatory - all points of objects are moving or travelling in same distance, direction and velocity
- moving of tibia against femur - ant/post
rotatory - occurs in a circle rotating around axis
- rotating the head
what is the general motion in osteokinematics
curvilinear - combi of translatory nd rotatory
moves along a curved path w some sort of linear
most common type
type of displacement in arthrokinematics
ICoR - instantaneous center of rotation
shifting of axis during curvilinear motion
bending of finger not point directly towards wrist but towards radial side
where is the cog
an inch anterior to S2
explain the relationship of joint structure and function
structure will determine its function nd vice versa
generalizations about joint composition
joint components adapt to environmental nd functional demands
nourishment via facilitated diffusion - occurs in movement
subject to injury, disease or aging - esp in cartilage
describe connective tissues
not packed - more spaces betw cells
relate CT to extracellular space
CT is found in extracellular matrix
what are the fibrillar components of CT
collagen - most abundant
- high tensile strength = high stretch
- type 1 in CT - resists too much tension
type 2 in cartilage nd IV
elastin - smaller portions
what is the interfibrillar components of CT
water
proteoglycans - allows water-binding via glycosaminoglycans
- form reservoir for nutrients nd GH
- regulates collagen fibril size
- for compressive forces
glycosaminoglycans - carbohydrate portion
- attracts water
- withstands compression
what is aggrecan
large cartilage PG
water binding capacity
ability to withstand compressive forces
where does the cellular components of CT come from
from mesenchymal precursor cells
what are fixed cellular components
fibrolast - chondroblast/tenoblast/osteoblast - fibrocytes/chondrocytes/osteocytes
what are transient cellular components
related to blood - blood cells
primary role - immune responses and against debris - phagocytosis
what are ligaments
bone to bone - stabilization of joint
secured through interdigitations of collagen - sharpeys fibers
how do sharpeys fiber secure ligaments
collagen fibers blend w periosteum that attaches to cortical bone
what is the interfibrillar component of ligaments
primary GAG - dermatan sulfate for tensile forces
what is the fibrillar component of ligaments
mainly type 1 collagen nd some elastin, 3,4,5
for tensile forces
how are ligaments heterogenous structures
10-20% cells
80-90% extracellular matrix
what are tendons
attaches muscles to bones
what is the interfibrillar component of tendons
water
dermatan sulfate
what is the fibrillar component of tendons
> 95% type 1 collagen
type 3 on tendon sheaths
type 4 nd 5 on basal lamina of fibroblasts
describe the layers of tendon from deep to superficial
endotendon - covers tendon fascicle
epitenon - covers group of fascicles
paratenon - double layered sheath of aerolar tissue in outer surface of epitenon
- protects from excessive friction
peritendon - combi of epitenon nd paratenon
tendon sheath - peritendon filled w synovial fluid
- protects from fricition
what are the zones of fibrocartilaginous enthesis
zone 1 - tendon proper
zone 2 - w fibrocartilage; transition from tendon to bone
zone 3 - mineralized fibrocartilage
zone 4 - bone
what are tide marks
between zone 2 nd 3 - boundary between soft nd hard tissues of tendon
- uncalcified - calcified
what is fibrous enthesis
attachment on the bone
periosteal - bony that allows stronghold of tendons
describe muscle attachment to bones
interdigitation bet collagen in tendons and muscle fibers - locking
immobilazation - flatter - less locked - injuries
what is a bursa
flat sacs of synovial membrane w fluid film
prevents excessive friciton
injured by too much friction
what are the sites for bursa
subtendinous - tendon to bone
subcutaneous - bone to skin
submuscular - muscle to bone
ligament to bone
what are cartilages
prevents too much friction
weight bearing and distributes weight in a joint
what are the types of cartilages
fibrocartilage - white
elastic cartilage - yellow
- ears and epiglottis
hyaline cartilage - articular
- type 2
- ends of bones
what are the cells of cartilages
chondrocytes and chondroblasts
what are fibrillar components of cartilage
type 2 collagen - 90-95%
aggrecan
chondrotin sulfate - resist compression
keratan sulfate - inc w age nd arthritis; dec w immobilization
dapat more chondrotin or it will lead to degenerative changes
layers of articular cartilage
zone 1 - outermost
- reduces friction nd distributes forces over joint
zone 2 - transitional stratum - type 2
zone 3 - radiate stratum - type 2
- tidemark
zone 4 - calcified - attachment to bone
what does no cellular turnover in cartilage mean
since hypocellular nd avascular - relies on diffusion for nutri
immobilaztion = no diffusion
cant recover from osteoarthritis
contains terminally diff cells - no reproduce
what are organic compounds in bone matrix
type 1 - flexibility nd tensile
glycoproteins
proteoglycans
what are inorganic compounds in bone matrix
hydroxyapatite - compressive strength
calcium phosphate - increase strength
what do fibroblasts produce
type 1 collagen
what are osteoblasts for
bone forming, depositon and mineralization
secretes procollagen - precursor to type 1
what are osteoclasts for
bone turn over - resorption
large monocyte derived polymorphous cells
what are osteocytes
matured bone cells
what are progenitor cells
differentiate to osteoblast
what are bone layers
inner - spongy
outer - compact
describe the periosteum
fibrous covering of bones except on articular surfaces
where sharpeys fibers attach - tendons nd ligaments
houses cells precursor to blasts nd clasts
capillaries for nourishment
describe the bone at microscopic level
woven/primary bone - collagen fibers are irregularly arranged
- young bone
lamellar - parallel layers - older bone
what is wolffs law
repetitive loading on bone = adaptive response
relate wolfs law to osteoporosis
dec activity = inc osteoclast = hollow bones = osteopenia into osteoporosis
what are synarthroses
fibrous - fibrous tissue connects 2 bones
cartilaginous - fibro or hyaline connects
describe fibrous joints
sutures - in skull becomes synostosis - matured ver of synchondrosis
gomphoses - tooth nd mandibe/maxilla
syndesmoses - joined by interosseous lig, fibrous cord or aponeurotic membrane
- radioulnar
describe cartilaginous joints
symphyses - secondary
- covered by hyaline and joined by fibro
- IV joints, manubrium-sternum, symphysis pubis
synchondeoses - primary
- 2 hyaline between 2 ossifying centers - matures to synostoses
describe diarthrosis
hyaline covered by synovial sheath
sheat + fibrous = capsule
synovial fluid
components for lubrication
hyaluronic acid + lubricin
describe synovial fluid
reduce friction nd for nourishment
clear pale yellow viscous
thixotrophic - less viscous at high velocity
- too much viscosity = immobilization nd adhesions
what are the joint capsule layers
stratum fibrosum - outer dense fibrous tissue - type 1
- poorly vascularized but rich in joint receptors
stratum synovium - inner
intima - cells that line joint space - synoviocytes for removal of debris nd immune respo
subsynovial - supports intima and contains ruffini for stretch, pacinian for compressive, free nerves for pain
