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pt momints ver 2.0 > KINES: Biomechanics and Kinematics > Flashcards

KINES: Biomechanics and Kinematics Flashcards

1
Q

is is the study of human movement

A

kinesiology

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2
Q

it deals with human movements

A

biomechanics

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3
Q

what are the two branches of mechanics

A

kinematics - description of human motion

kinetics - study of forces that affects movement

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4
Q

what are the two types of kinetics

A

statics - movement at rest

dynamics - movement at motion

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5
Q

how do we analyze human motion

A

quali - describe the movement

quanti - measurable variable that describes movement

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6
Q

what is osteokinematics

A

gross movements

movements between shafts of adjacent bones

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7
Q

give an example of quali/quanti of osteokinematics

A

measurement of ROM - quanti

raising shoulders forward - quali

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8
Q

what is arthrokinematics

A

minute movements inside the joint capsule

difficult to observe = palpate

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9
Q

what are the kinematic qualitative variables

A

type of displacement
location of displacement
direction of displacement
magnitude of displacement
rate of change of displacement - v
rate of change of velocity - a

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10
Q

types of displacement in kinematics

A

translatory - all points of objects are moving or travelling in same distance, direction and velocity
- moving of tibia against femur - ant/post

rotatory - occurs in a circle rotating around axis
- rotating the head

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11
Q

what is the general motion in osteokinematics

A

curvilinear - combi of translatory nd rotatory

moves along a curved path w some sort of linear

most common type

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12
Q

type of displacement in arthrokinematics

A

ICoR - instantaneous center of rotation

shifting of axis during curvilinear motion

bending of finger not point directly towards wrist but towards radial side

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13
Q

where is the cog

A

an inch anterior to S2

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14
Q

explain the relationship of joint structure and function

A

structure will determine its function nd vice versa

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15
Q

generalizations about joint composition

A

joint components adapt to environmental nd functional demands

nourishment via facilitated diffusion - occurs in movement

subject to injury, disease or aging - esp in cartilage

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16
Q

describe connective tissues

A

not packed - more spaces betw cells

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17
Q

relate CT to extracellular space

A

CT is found in extracellular matrix

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18
Q

what are the fibrillar components of CT

A

collagen - most abundant
- high tensile strength = high stretch
- type 1 in CT - resists too much tension
type 2 in cartilage nd IV

elastin - smaller portions

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19
Q

what is the interfibrillar components of CT

A

water

proteoglycans - allows water-binding via glycosaminoglycans
- form reservoir for nutrients nd GH
- regulates collagen fibril size
- for compressive forces

glycosaminoglycans - carbohydrate portion
- attracts water
- withstands compression

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20
Q

what is aggrecan

A

large cartilage PG

water binding capacity

ability to withstand compressive forces

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21
Q

where does the cellular components of CT come from

A

from mesenchymal precursor cells

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22
Q

what are fixed cellular components

A

fibrolast - chondroblast/tenoblast/osteoblast - fibrocytes/chondrocytes/osteocytes

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23
Q

what are transient cellular components

A

related to blood - blood cells

primary role - immune responses and against debris - phagocytosis

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24
Q

what are ligaments

A

bone to bone - stabilization of joint

secured through interdigitations of collagen - sharpeys fibers

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25
how do sharpeys fiber secure ligaments
collagen fibers blend w periosteum that attaches to cortical bone
26
what is the interfibrillar component of ligaments
primary GAG - dermatan sulfate for tensile forces
27
what is the fibrillar component of ligaments
mainly type 1 collagen nd some elastin, 3,4,5 for tensile forces
28
how are ligaments heterogenous structures
10-20% cells 80-90% extracellular matrix
29
what are tendons
attaches muscles to bones
30
what is the interfibrillar component of tendons
water dermatan sulfate
31
what is the fibrillar component of tendons
>95% type 1 collagen type 3 on tendon sheaths type 4 nd 5 on basal lamina of fibroblasts
32
describe the layers of tendon from deep to superficial
endotendon - covers tendon fascicle epitenon - covers group of fascicles paratenon - double layered sheath of aerolar tissue in outer surface of epitenon - protects from excessive friction peritendon - combi of epitenon nd paratenon tendon sheath - peritendon filled w synovial fluid - protects from fricition
33
what are the zones of fibrocartilaginous enthesis
zone 1 - tendon proper zone 2 - w fibrocartilage; transition from tendon to bone zone 3 - mineralized fibrocartilage zone 4 - bone
34
what are tide marks
between zone 2 nd 3 - boundary between soft nd hard tissues of tendon - uncalcified - calcified
35
what is fibrous enthesis
attachment on the bone periosteal - bony that allows stronghold of tendons
36
describe muscle attachment to bones
interdigitation bet collagen in tendons and muscle fibers - locking immobilazation - flatter - less locked - injuries
37
what is a bursa
flat sacs of synovial membrane w fluid film prevents excessive friciton injured by too much friction
38
what are the sites for bursa
subtendinous - tendon to bone subcutaneous - bone to skin submuscular - muscle to bone ligament to bone
39
what are cartilages
prevents too much friction weight bearing and distributes weight in a joint
40
what are the types of cartilages
fibrocartilage - white elastic cartilage - yellow - ears and epiglottis hyaline cartilage - articular - type 2 - ends of bones
41
what are the cells of cartilages
chondrocytes and chondroblasts
42
what are fibrillar components of cartilage
type 2 collagen - 90-95% aggrecan chondrotin sulfate - resist compression keratan sulfate - inc w age nd arthritis; dec w immobilization dapat more chondrotin or it will lead to degenerative changes
43
layers of articular cartilage
zone 1 - outermost - reduces friction nd distributes forces over joint zone 2 - transitional stratum - type 2 zone 3 - radiate stratum - type 2 - tidemark zone 4 - calcified - attachment to bone
44
what does no cellular turnover in cartilage mean
since hypocellular nd avascular - relies on diffusion for nutri immobilaztion = no diffusion cant recover from osteoarthritis contains terminally diff cells - no reproduce
45
what are organic compounds in bone matrix
type 1 - flexibility nd tensile glycoproteins proteoglycans
46
what are inorganic compounds in bone matrix
hydroxyapatite - compressive strength calcium phosphate - increase strength
47
what do fibroblasts produce
type 1 collagen
48
what are osteoblasts for
bone forming, depositon and mineralization secretes procollagen - precursor to type 1
49
what are osteoclasts for
bone turn over - resorption large monocyte derived polymorphous cells
50
what are osteocytes
matured bone cells
51
what are progenitor cells
differentiate to osteoblast
52
what are bone layers
inner - spongy outer - compact
53
describe the periosteum
fibrous covering of bones except on articular surfaces where sharpeys fibers attach - tendons nd ligaments houses cells precursor to blasts nd clasts capillaries for nourishment
54
describe the bone at microscopic level
woven/primary bone - collagen fibers are irregularly arranged - young bone lamellar - parallel layers - older bone
55
what is wolffs law
repetitive loading on bone = adaptive response
56
relate wolfs law to osteoporosis
dec activity = inc osteoclast = hollow bones = osteopenia into osteoporosis
57
what are synarthroses
fibrous - fibrous tissue connects 2 bones cartilaginous - fibro or hyaline connects
58
describe fibrous joints
sutures - in skull becomes synostosis - matured ver of synchondrosis gomphoses - tooth nd mandibe/maxilla syndesmoses - joined by interosseous lig, fibrous cord or aponeurotic membrane - radioulnar
59
describe cartilaginous joints
symphyses - secondary - covered by hyaline and joined by fibro - IV joints, manubrium-sternum, symphysis pubis synchondeoses - primary - 2 hyaline between 2 ossifying centers - matures to synostoses
60
describe diarthrosis
hyaline covered by synovial sheath sheat + fibrous = capsule synovial fluid
61
components for lubrication
hyaluronic acid + lubricin
62
describe synovial fluid
reduce friction nd for nourishment clear pale yellow viscous thixotrophic - less viscous at high velocity - too much viscosity = immobilization nd adhesions
63
what are the joint capsule layers
stratum fibrosum - outer dense fibrous tissue - type 1 - poorly vascularized but rich in joint receptors stratum synovium - inner intima - cells that line joint space - synoviocytes for removal of debris nd immune respo subsynovial - supports intima and contains ruffini for stretch, pacinian for compressive, free nerves for pain

pt momints ver 2.0 (14 decks)

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