MS: Vocabulary Flashcards
bones
make up the body framework which protects and supports internal organs. they are complete organs composed of osseous tissue (osteocytes, collagen, and intercellular calcium salts) and a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves
ossification
bone formation
osteoblasts
immature osteocytes that produce bony tissue replaces cartilage
osteoclasts
large cells that reabsorb or digest bony tissue; aka bone phagocytes
diaphysis
shaft (middle region) of a long bone
epiphysis
long bone ends
epiphyseal line or plate
area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue; aka growth plate
metaphysis
flared portion of the bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis and adjacent to the epiphyseal plate
periosteum
strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers some bones except at the ends of the epiphyses
articular cartilage
smooth, strong, slick tissue that covers the the end of the epiphyses of bones that meet other bones to form a joint
compact (cortical) bone
layer of hard dense bone that lies under the periosteum and located chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones
haversian canals
channel system in compact bone that contains blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products like CO2
cancellous bone (spongy or trabecular)
spongy latticework of trabeculae and red bone marrow found primarily in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the middle portions of other bones
medullary cavity
tunnel in compact bone that contains yellow bone marrow is mostly fat cells
hematopoiesis
production of all types of blood cells in red bone marrow
bone processes
enlarged areas that extend out from bones to serve as attachment points for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
bone depressions
openings or hollow regions that serve as connections between bones or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
bone head
rounded end of a bone
condyle
rounded knuckle-like process
epicondyle
small rounded process above the condyle
trochanters
large and small processes for tendon attachments
tuberosity (tubercle)
small round elevation where tendons and muscles attach
fissure
narrow groove or slit-like opening (orbital [eye socket])_
foramen
opening for blood vessels and nerves (foramen magnum of skull)
fossa
shallow cavity in or on a bone (olecranon fossa on humerus)
sinus
hollow cavity within bone (sinus)
sutures
cranial bone joints
fontanelles
soft spots of the skull which are gaps of unossified tissue in a newborn
frontal bone
cranial bone that forms the forehead and the roof of the eye bony sockets
parietal bone
cranial bones that form the roof and upper part of the cranium sides
temporal bone
cranial bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium and each encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
connection between the temporal and mandibular bones
mastoid process
round process of the temporal bone behind the ear
styloid process
slender, cylindrical projection that points downward from the temporal bone
occipital bone
cranial bone that forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones at a suture
foramen magnum
depression in the inferior portion of the occipital bone that houses the spinal cord
sphenoid bone
bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull because it joins the frontal, occipital, and ethmoid bones
sella turcia
sphenoid bone depression for the pituitary gland (turkish saddle)
ethmoid bone
thin, delicate bone comprised mostly of cancellous bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the eye sockets
nasal bones
2 slender bones that support the bridge of the nose and join with the frontal bone to make up part of the nasal septum
lacrimal bones
small thin bones at the inner corner of each eye that have fossae for the lacrimal gland and duct
maxillary bones
large bones that make up the massive upper jawbones and joined at a suture in the median plane
mandibular bone
lower jawbone (mandible) that joins the the temporal bones forming the TMJs
alveoli
teeth sockets in the maxillary and mandibular bones
zygomatic bones
bone that forms the high portion of the cheek
vomer
thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum (nose tip)
sinuses
air cavities located in various places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes through
intervertebral disks
pads of cartilage between vertebrae
vertebral body
inner, thick, round anterior portion of the vertebra
vertebral arch
posterior portion of the vertebra consisting of a spinous process, transverse processes and a lamina connecting the processes
neural/spinal canal
cavity between the vertebral body and arch through which the spinal cord passes
facet joints
connection between the vertebrae that guide and limit spinal column movement
clavicle
collar bone connects the sternum to a scapula
scapula
shoulder blade which is a flat, triangular bone on each dorsal side of the thorax
acromion
scapula extension that joins with the clavicle
acromioclavicular (AC) joint
joint formed by the acromion and clavicle
sternum
breastbone which is flat and connects to most of the ribs
manubrium
top portion of the sternum that connects to the clavicle and first 2 ribs
xiphoid process
lowest portion of the sternum (sword)
ribs
bones that make up the majority of the thoracic cage
costal cartilages
cartilage attachments that join the first 7 pairs of ribs to the sternum
true ribs
ribs 1 thru 7 that join both with the spinal column and the sternum
false ribs
ribs 8 thru 10 which join at the spinal column and rib 7
floating ribs
ribs 11 and 12 that are only joined to the spinal column
humerus
upper arm long bone
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
formed by the large head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula
labrum
rim of fibrocartilage in between the humerus and the glenoid fossa
rotator cuff
group of muscles and tendons surrounding the glenohumeral joint
ulna
medial lower arm bone (forearm) aligned with the pinkie
olecranon
the bony projection (pointy tip) of the ulna at the elbow
radius
lateral lower arm bone in line with the thumb
carpals
wrist bones; 2 rows of 4 bones comprise the wrist
metacarpals
5 bones of the palm of the hand
phalanges (phalanx-singular)
finger bones; each finger has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) and the thumb 2 (proximal, distal)
pelvic girdle
pelvis which is a collection of bones that joins with the sacrum and articulates with the femur
ilium
uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis that dorsally join on either side of the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joints
iliac crest
superior part of the ilium that is filled with red bone marrow and is the attachment point for abdominal wall, hip, and buttock muscles.
ischium
inferior part of the pelvis
pubis
anterior part of the pelvis consisting of 2 bones that are joined with a cartilaginous disk at the pubic symphysis
pelvic cavity
region within the pelvic girdle that houses portions of the intestines, the urinary system and the reproductive organs for the female
femur
thigh bone which is the longest bone in the body
acetabulum
depression in the pelvis that is the socket for the hip joint
hip joint
comprised of the head of the femur and the acetabulum
patella
knee cap which is a small flat sesamoid bone that lies in front of the femur and tibia and is held in place by muscle attachments and protected by tendons
tibia
shin bone which is the larger bone of the lower leg that runs down the front of the leg; proximally it joins with the femur and the patella and distally it is part of the ankle joint
medial malleolus
bony prominence of the tibia that is part of the ankle joint
fibula
smaller of the lower leg bones
lateral malleolus
distal flared part of the fibula that makes up part of the ankle joint
tarsals
7 bones of the middle and hind parts of the foot
talus
first tarsal bone that along with the fibula and tibia make up the ankle joint
calcaneus
heel bone which is the largest of the tarsels
metatarsals
5 midfoot bones
phalanges of the toes
bones of the forefoot; each toe is comprised of 3 and the big toe 2
calcium
one of the mineral constituents of bone
joint (articulation)
coming together of 2 or more bones
suture joints
immovable joint
synovial joints
freely movable joints
bursa (pl bursae)
sac of fluid near a joint which promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint which contains synovial fluid
synovial fluid
viscous fluid within the synovial cavity which is produced by the synovial membrane
synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial cavity which produces synovial fluid
tendon
fibrous tissue which connects muscles to bones
microdiskectomy
surgical procedure to remove fragments of herniated disc tissue, bone, and ligament to alleviate nerve pain
striated muscles
voluntary or skeletal muscles that move all bones as well as controlling facial and eye movements that consist of fibrils and fascia
smooth muscle
involuntary or visceral muscles that contract to move internal organs and consist of sheets of fibers that wrap around tubes and vessels
cardiac muscle
striated in appearance but smooth in action and consisting of branching fibers in the heart
origin
point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone
insertion
point of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones (bending)
extension
increasing the angle between two bones (straightening)
rotation
circular movement around an axis (central point); internal-toward the center; external-away from the center
dorsiflexion
decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward
plantar flexion
downward movement of the foot
supination
hand and forearm: act of turning the palm up at the elbow
foot: outward roll of the foot during normal motion
pronation
hand and forearm: act of turning the palm down at the elbow
foot: inward roll of the foot during normal motion
pronation
hand and forearm: act of turning the palm down at the elbow
foot: inward roll of the foot during normal motion
fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
