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MD2001 Week 1 > MS System: Bones > Flashcards

MS System: Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic functions of bone?

A

Enables movement

Protection of vital organs

Storage of minerals

Haematopoiesis- blood cell formation

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2
Q

What two elements are bone made up?

A

Collagen fibres- mucopolysaccharide

Calcium phosphate- hydroxyapatite

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3
Q

What does collagen fibre framework give the bone?

A

Its tensile strength

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4
Q

What does calcium phosphate give the bone?

A

Compressional strength

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5
Q

What are the three basic cells of bone?

A

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

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6
Q

What are the different structures of the long bone?

A

Epiphysis- head

Diaphysis- shaft

Periosteum- fibrous connective sheath

Metaphysis- between epiphysis and diaphysis

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7
Q

What does fibroblasts produce?

A

Collagen

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8
Q

What are mesenchymal cells?

A

Cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts and chondroblasts

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9
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

Area of growth of long bone

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10
Q

When looking at a cross section of a bone, what are then different layers?

A

Periosteum

Shaft compact bone

Medullary cavity

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11
Q

What are the two types of bone in long bones?

A

Trabecular/cancellous

Cortical

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12
Q

Describe trabecular bone

A

Spongy and porous

Give supporting strength to the ends of the weight bearing bone

Have high surface area for metabolism

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13
Q

Describe cortical bone

A

Bone on the outside that forms the shaft of the long bone

Provides stiffness and strength

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14
Q

How is trabeculae bone laid down?

A

They are laid down along lines of stress

This allows for distribution of stress

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15
Q

What are the two different canals blood is carried to the bone?

A

Volkman’s and Haversian canals

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16
Q

In what direction does Haversian and Volkman’s canals carry blood?

A

Haversian- along long axis

Volkman’s- Perpendicularly

17
Q

What is rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency- failure of calcium absorption

18
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency- lack of collagen

19
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Mononucleate cells

When stimulated to form bone will deposit organic matrix then hydroxyapatite

20
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Multinucleate

Release hydrogen and hydrolytic enzymes to dissolve the mineral, liberate calcium and breakdown extracellular matric

21
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Ebtomed and matured osteoblasts

Communicate via finger-like projections in canaliculi

22
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Decrease activity of osteoclasts and blood calcium levels

23
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

A

Increase activity of osteoclasts

Releases calcium

24
Q

What are the different steps of trabecular bone remodelling?

A

Quiescence

Resorption by osteoclasts

Surface exposed to osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts start to differentiate

Osteoblasts lay down new bone

25
Q

What are the different steps I cortical bone remodelling?

A

A cutting cone is formed through osteoclasts, this is followed by osteoblasts which eventually get surrounded and become osteocytes

26
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

Bone adapts to the load under which it is placed

27
Q

How can bone mass and density increase?

A

Excessive mechanical stimulation

28
Q

How can bone mass and density decrease?

A

Non-weight bearing

Sex-hormone deficiency

Endocrine/nutritional disorders

29
Q

When does woman have a significant decrease in bone mass?

A

Menopause

Caused by the decrease in oestrogens levels

30
Q

What is cartilage formed by?

A

Formed by chondroblasts

Reshaped by chondrocytes

31
Q

Where does bone growth begin in fetal life?

A

Diaphysis

32
Q

What happens to cartilage in foetuses?

A

Ossification

Endochondral- long bones

Intramembranous- flat bones

33
Q

After birth where does bone growth occur?

A

In the epiphysis

Secondary centre of ossification

34
Q

Describe how bone growth occurs after birth?

A

The epiphyseal plate is replaced with bone and at the end of puberty these fuse

35
Q

Describe bone repair in fractures?

A

Callus formation- osteoblasts quickly form woven bone to bridge the gap

Lamellar bone laid down- collagen organised in regular sheets to gives strength and resilience

Remodelling by osteoclasts to restore original bone shape

MD2001 Week 1 (7 decks)

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