Cells and Organelles 2

Question 1

How does a vesicle move towards and away from the Golgi?

Answer 1

Along a microtubule track and powered by a motor protein

Question 2

Where do microtubules originate from?

Answer 2

Centrosomes

Question 3

What end is negative in the microtubule?

Answer 3

The near the centrosome

Question 4

How can microtubules affect organelles?

Answer 4

Move or position them on microtubules

Question 5

What process takes up things from the outside of the cell?

Answer 5

Endocytosis

Question 6

What are endosomes the site of?

Answer 6

Processing

Question 7

Where does degradation occur in the cell?

Answer 7

Lysosomes

Question 8

After multiple rounds of endocytosis, how does the cell maintain membrane length?

Answer 8

The endosomes are recycled back

Question 9

What is autophagy?

Answer 9

Portions of the cell are walled off and digested in lysosomes during starvation

Question 10

What are the different types of endocytosis?

Answer 10

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis- cell drinking

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 11

What degrades a protein?

Answer 11

Proteasome

Question 12

How does a proteasome identify junk protein?

Answer 12

Ubiquitin is tagged

Question 13

What is the advantage of compartmentation?

Answer 13

Allows for dangerous reactions to occur in specialised regions

Question 14

How do different organelles communicate between each other?

Answer 14

Vesicles

Question 15

What are the main functions of mitochondria?

Answer 15

Produce most of the ATP supply

Enable cell growth

Contain their own DNA

All your mitochondria come from your mothers egg

Question 16

What are the functions of microtubules?

Answer 16

Vesicle tracks

Position/move organelles

Question 17

What proteins make up microtubules?

Answer 17

Tubulins

Question 18

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 18

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Question 19

What are the functions of microfilaments?

Answer 19

Generates contractile forces

Question 20

What proteins make up microfilaments?

Answer 20

Actin and myosin

Question 21

What are the functions of intermediate filaments?

Answer 21

Strength, support

Support nuclear envelope

Question 22

What proteins make up intermediate filaments?

Answer 22

Keratins and lamins

Question 23

Describe the smooth ER?

Answer 23

Connected domain of the RER with no ribosomes and involved in lipid, steroid production and detoxification

Question 24

Describe peroxisomes

Answer 24

Break down some fatty acids

Synthesis some specialised lipids

They generate hydrogen peroxide and excess is broken down with catalase

Question 25

Describe prokaryotes

Answer 25

Small, simple cells No internal membrane No nucleus Simple cell division

Question 26

Describe eukaryotes?

Answer 26

Larger cellular dimensions Internal membranes with specialisation Packaged DNA in a nucleus Contain endosymbiont organelles

Question 27

What are the four ways cells can communicate?

Answer 27

Endocrine Paracrine- local mediatior Neuronal- synapse Contact-dependent