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neurology FA + STEP 2 > MS, neurotransmitter, hypothalamus, amygdala > Flashcards

MS, neurotransmitter, hypothalamus, amygdala Flashcards

1
Q

acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy - result in (symptoms)

A
  1. symmetric/paralysis (beginning in lower extremities)
  2. facial paralysis (in 50%)
  3. autonomic regulation (eg. cardiac irregulation, hypertension, hypertension)
  4. sensory abnormalities
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2
Q

acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy - lab

A

increased CSF protein with normal cell count (albuminocytologic dissociation)

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3
Q

acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy - increased protein in CSF can cause

A

papilledema

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4
Q

acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy - treatment

A
  1. Respiratory support (critical until recovery)
  2. plasmapheresis
  3. IV immunoglobins
    NO ROLE FOR STEROIDS
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5
Q

Multiple sclerosis epidemiology - MC in

A

women, 20-30 years old, whites living further from equator

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6
Q

Multiple sclerosis - patients can present with

A
  1. optic neuritis (sudden onset of vision resulting in Marcus Gunn pupils)
  2. intrenuclear ophthalmoplegia
  3. hemiparesis
  4. hemisensory symptoms
  5. bladder/bowel incontinence
  6. intention tremor
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7
Q

Multiple sclerosis - Charcot classic triad

A

MNEMONIC –> SIN

  1. Scanning speech (dysarthria)
  2. Intention tremor (also Internuclear opthalmoplegia and Incontinence)
  3. Nystagmus
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8
Q

Multiple sclerosis - gold standard

A

MRI

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9
Q

Multiple sclerosis - findings in CSF

A

increased IgG + myelin basic protein

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10
Q

Multiple sclerosis - … are diagnostic

A

oligoclonal bands

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11
Q

Multiple sclerosis - treatment

A
  1. slow progression treatment –> disease modifying therapies (eg. β-interferon, natalizumab)
  2. treat acute flares –> IV steroids
  3. symptomatic treatment –> cathetirazation, muscarinic antagonists, baclofen, GABA b receptor agonists, opioids
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12
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy - pathophysiology / mode of inheritance

A

X-linked genetic disorder –> disrupts metabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids –> excessive buildup (accumulation) in nervous system, adrenal glands and testes

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13
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy - coarse of disease

A

Progressive disease that can lead to

1. long-term coma/death and 2. adrenal crisis

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14
Q

demyelinating and dysmelinating diseases - types

A
  1. Multiple sclerosis
  2. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy
  3. Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis
  4. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
  5. Krabbe disease
  6. Metachromatic leukodystrophy
  7. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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15
Q

Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis? / course

A

multifocal periventricular inflammation and demyelination after infection or certain vaccination
- rapidly progressive multifocal neurologic symptoms

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16
Q

Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis is usually caused by (examples)

A
  1. infection –> measles, VZV

2. certain vaccinations –> rabies, smallpox

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17
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease - AKA … / mode of inheritance

A

hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN)

AD

18
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease - definition and mechanism

A

Group of progressive hereditary nerve disorder related to the defective production of proteins involved in the structure and function of peripheral nerves or the meylin sheath

19
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease - symptoms and signs

A
  1. foot deformities (pes cavus)
  2. lower extremities weakness
    3 .sensory deficits
20
Q

Krabbe disease - pathophysiology

A

deficiency of galactocerebrosidase –> buildup (accumulation) of galactocerebroside and psychosine destroys myelin sheath

21
Q

Krabbe disease - findings (symptoms, signs, histology etc)

A
  1. peripheral neuropathy
  2. Developmental delay
  3. Optic atrophy
  4. Globoid cells
22
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy - pathophysiology

A

deficiency of arysulfatase A –> buildup (accumulation) of sulfatides –> impaired production and destruction of myelin sheath

23
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy - findings (symptoms, signs, histology etc)

A
  1. central and peripheral demyelination with ataxia

2. dementia

24
Q

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy - mechanism/definition / course

A

demyelination of CNS due to destruction of oligodendrocytes

- rapidly progressive, usually fatal

25
Q

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy - associations, risk factors etc

A
  1. associated with JC virus
  2. Seen in 2-4% of AIDS patients
  3. increased risk with natalizumab, rituximab
26
Q

norepinephrine - change in disease

A

increased in anxiety

decreased in depression

27
Q

Dopomine - change in disease

A

increased in Huntington
decreased in Parkinson
decreased in depression
increased in Schizophrenia

28
Q

5-HT - change in disease

A

Decreased in anxiety
decreased in depression
INCREASED IN PARKINSON

29
Q

ACH - change in diseases

A

increased in Parkinson
decreased in Alzheimer
decreased in Huntington

30
Q

GABA - change in disease

A

decreased in anxiety

decreased in Huntington

31
Q

anxiety - changes in neurotransmitters

A

increased norepinephrine

decreased 5-HT and GABA

32
Q

depression - changes in neurotransmitters

A

decreased norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-HT

33
Q

Huntington disease -changes in neurotransmitters

A

decreased GABA, ACH

increased dopamine

34
Q

Parkinson disease - changes in neurotransmitters

A

decreased dopamine
increased ACH
INCREASED SERETONIN

35
Q

Alzheimer disease - changes in neurotransmitters

A

decreased ACH

increased glutamate

36
Q

Schizophrenia - changes in neurotransmitters

A

increased dopamine

37
Q

hypothalamus - function

A

mnemonic TAN HATS
Thirst and water balance, Adenohypophysis control, Neurohypophysis hormones, Hunger, Autonomic regulation, Temperature regulation, Sexual urges

38
Q

hypothalamus - ADH vs oxytocin sccording to source

A

Supraoptic nucleus –> ADH

Paraventricular nucleus –> oxytocin

39
Q

Lateral area of hypothalamus - function

A

regulates hunger

40
Q

ventromedial area of hypothalamus - function

A

regulate satiety

41
Q

hypothalamus - parasympathetic and sympathetic are regulated by

A
  1. parasympathetic: anterior hypothalamus

2. sympathetic: posterior hypothalamus

42
Q

Limbic system - definition/function/responsible/structures

A

collection of neural structures involved in emotion long-term memory, oflaction, behavior modulation, ANS function (1.feeding 2.fleeing 3.fighting 4. feeling 5. sex)

structures: 1. hippocampus 2. amygdala 3. fornix
4. mammillary bodies 5. cingulate gyris

neurology FA + STEP 2 (8 decks)

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