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neurology FA + STEP 2 > common brain lesion, aphasia > Flashcards

common brain lesion, aphasia Flashcards

1
Q

aphasia - types

A
  1. Broca 2. Wernicke 3. Conduction 4. Global
  2. Transcortical motor 6. Transcortical sensory
  3. Mixed trancortical
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2
Q

aphasia Broca - manifestation

A
  • Nonfluent
  • intact comprehension
  • impaired repetition
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3
Q

aphasia Broca - area

A

inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe

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4
Q

aphasia Wernicke - manifestation

A
  • Fluent
  • Impaired comprehension
  • Impaired repetition
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5
Q

aphasia Wernicke - area

A

superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe

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6
Q

conduction aphasia - manifestation

A
  • Fluent
  • Intact comprehension
  • Poor repetition
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7
Q

conduction aphasia - area

A

can be caused by damage to arcuate fasciculus

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8
Q

Global aphasia - manifestation

A
  • Nonfluent
  • Impaired comprehension
  • Impaired repetition
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9
Q

Global aphasia - area

A

arcuate fasciculus, Broca and Wernicke areas affected

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10
Q

Transcortical motor - manifestation

A
  • Nonfluent
  • Good comprehension
  • Intact repetition
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11
Q

Transcortical sensory - manifestation

A
  • Fluent
  • Poor comprehension
  • Intact repetition
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12
Q

Mixed transcortical - manifestation

A
  • Nonfluent
  • Poor comprehension
  • Intact repetition
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13
Q

Mixed transcortical - area

A

Broca and Wernicke areas involved.

Arcuate fasciculus not involved

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14
Q

anomic aphasia

A

a selective disorder of naming

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15
Q

common brain lesion - amygdala (bilateral) - manifestations

A

Kluver - Bucy syndrome –> disinhibited behavior:

  1. hyperphagia
  2. hypersexuality
  3. hyperpolarity
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16
Q

Kluver - Bucy syndrome - area of lesion and cause

A
  • amygdala (bilateral)

- HSV-1

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17
Q

common brain lesion - frontal lobe - manifestations

A
  1. Disinhibition
  2. deficits in concentration, orientation and judgement
  3. maybe re-emergence of primitive reflexes
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18
Q

common brain lesion - dominant parietal-temporal cortex

A

GERSTMANN SYNDROME

  1. Agraphia 2. acalculia 3. finger agnosia
  2. left - right disorientation
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19
Q

common brain lesion - nondominant parietal-temporal cortex

A

Hemispatial neglect syndrome –> agnosia of the contralateral side of the world

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20
Q

reticular activating system - area

21
Q

common brain lesions - reticular activating system - manifestations

A

reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (eg. coma)

22
Q

common brain lesions - frontal eye fields - manifestations

A

Eyes look torward lesion

23
Q

common brain lesions - paramedian pontine reticular formation - manifestations

A

eyes look away from side of lesion

24
Q

common brain lesions - hippocampus (bilateral) - manifestation

A

anterograde amnesia: inability to make new memories

25
common brain lesions - subthalamic lesion - manifestations
contralateral hemiballismus: sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm +/- ipsilateral leg
26
common brain lesions - basal ganglia - manifestations
tremor at rest chorea athetosis
27
common brain lesions - cerebellar vermis - manifestations
truncal ataxia | dysarthria
28
common brain lesions - Mamillary bodies (bilateral) - manifestations
Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome: 1. confusion 2. ataxia 3. ophthalmoplegia 4. memory loss 5. comfabulation 6. personality changes
29
Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome - memory loss
anterograde and retrograde
30
Mamillary bodies (bilateral) / Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome can be precipitated by
giving glucose without B1 to a B1-deficient patient
31
common brain lesions - cerebellar hemisphere - manifestations
at the site of damage: 1. intention tremor 2. limb ataxia 3. loss of balance 4. fall toward side of lesion
32
Cerebral hemisphere degeneration is associated with
chronic alcohol use
33
frontal eye fields - location / responsible for
in the frontal cortex | - non-tracking, voluntary eye movements
34
Hydrocephalus - types
1. Communicating (nonobstructive) 2. Noncommunicating (obstructive) 3. Hydrocephalus mimics 4. normal pressure hydrocephalus (a particular form of communicating hydrocephalus)
35
Hydrocephalus mimics -->
``` Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly --> appearance of increased CSF on imaging, due to decreased brain tissue (neuronal atrophy), NORMAL ICP (TRIAD IS NOT SEEN) 1. Alzheimer disease 2. advanced HIV 3. Pick disease 4. Huntington disease ```
36
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus is caused by structural blockage of CSF circulation with ventricular system - examples?
1. stenosis of aqueduct of Sylvius | 2. colloid cyst blocking foramen of Monro
37
Communicating (nonobstructive) hydrocephalus - types
1. communicating hydrocephalus | 2. normal pressure hydrocephalus
38
communicating hydrocephalus - mechanism
1. decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granulations | 2. increased CSF production.
39
communicating hydrocephalus - clinical findings
1. increased ICP 2. papilledema 3. herniation
40
Normal pressure hydrocephalus - affects the / causes? / CSF pressure / do not result in
- elderly - idiopathic - elevated only episodically - do not result in increased subarachnoid space volume
41
Normal pressure hydrocephalus causes (and mechanism)
expansion of ventricles distorts the fibers of the corona radiata --> triad of 1. urinary incontinence 2. ataxia 3. cognitive dysfunction (sometimes reversible) (Does not results in increased subarachnoid space volume)
42
ventricular system - direction
Lateral ventricle --> 3rd ventricle via right and left interventricular foramina of Monro --> 3rd ventricle --> 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) --> 4th ventricle --> subarachnoid space via: - Foramina of Luschka (lateral) - foramina of Mangendie (Medial)
43
idiopathic intracranial hypertension is AKA / definition
pseudotumor cerebri | - increased ICP with no apparent cause on imaging
44
idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) - symptoms and signs
1. headache 2. diplopia 3. papilledema 4. no mental status alternations
45
idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) - mechanism of diplopia
usually from CN VI palsy
46
idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) - LP
increased opening pressure | headache relief
47
idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) - RISK FACTORS
1. being woman on childbirth age 2. vitamin A excess 3. danazol 4. tetracyclines
48
idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) - treatment
1. weight loss 2. acetazolamide 3. topiramate 4. invasive procedure for refractory cases
49
idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) - invasive procedure for refractory cases
1. repeat LP 2. CSF shunt placement 3. optic nerve fenestration surgery

neurology FA + STEP 2 (8 decks)

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