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MRCS study > MRCS June 4/52 > Flashcards

MRCS June 4/52 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the embryological origin of the processus vaginalis

A

parietal peritoneum

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2
Q

what kind of inguinal hernia is more common in children

A

indirect inguinal hernia

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3
Q

some risk factors for indirect inguinal hernias

A

male, younger age, premature/twins, right testes, africans, increased abdominal pressures e.g. ascites.

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4
Q

femoral nerve lies within the femoral sheath, true or false?

A

false

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5
Q

what are the contents of the femoral sheath

A

femoral artery
femoral vein
lymphatics (within femoral canal)
femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve (L1)

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6
Q

how far below does the femoral sheath go on fo

A

2.5cm below inguinal canal

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7
Q

what are the abdominal fascia continuous with the femoral sheath anteriorly and posteriorly

A

anterior: transversalis fascia
posterior: fascia of illiacus and psoas

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8
Q

what lies within the femoral canal

A

lymphatics

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9
Q

why is a femoral hernia more prone to strangulation?

A

3 of 4 boundaries of the femoral ring are rigid

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10
Q

what are the boundaries of the femoral ring

A

anterior: inguinal ligament
posterior: pectineal ligament/sup pubic ramus
medially: lacunar ligament
Laterally: femoral vein

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11
Q

most common type of thyroid malignancy

A

papillary adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

what is Hartmann’s pouch?

A

a congenital abnormality causing a diverticulum at the neck of the gallbladder, potentially causing mirrizi’s syndrome if a stone is lodged in there

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13
Q

what is Boas’ sign

A

hypersensitivity of right inferior scapula - can be caused by cholecystitis

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14
Q

inferior border of epiploiec foramen

A

1st part of duodenum

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15
Q

superior border of epiploiec foramen

A

caudate lobe of liver

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16
Q

what is contained within the free border of the lesser omentum?

A

cystic duct, hepatic artery and portal vein

17
Q

lymph drainage for cancer near dentate line of rectum?

A

internal iliac nodes

18
Q

what vessel is within the lienorenal ligament?

A

splenic artery and vein

19
Q

what grade of injury is ‘renal laceration through corticomedullary layers and into the collecting system’

A

grade IV

20
Q

what type of collagen is seen first during wound healing, followed by what?

A

type 3 -> type 1

21
Q

muscles of the larynx

A 
cricothyroid
cricoarytenoid 
thyroarytenoid
transverse arytenoid 
aryepiglottic muscle
22
Q

action of cricothyroid muscle

A

tilts cricoid cartilage upwards at the front and downwards at the back
lengthens vocal folds and tightens

23
Q

action of cricoarytenoid muscle

A

posterior - outward rotation of arytenoid, opens vocal fold

anterior - pulls arytenoids forward and laterally, narrows vocal fold

24
Q

action of thyroarytenoid

A

pulls arytenoid forward: shortens and slackens vocal ligament and opening

25
Q

action of transverse arytenoid

A

pulls back of arytenoids closer together, closes posterior opening of vocal fold

26
Q

what are the dura extensions in the cranium

A

falx cerebrii
tentorium cerebrii
falx cerebelli

27
Q

describe the nerve supply of the larynx

A

sensation above vocal cord: internal laryngeal N
cricothyroid: external laryngeal N
sensation below vocal cord: recurrent laryngeal N
all other laryngeal muscles: recurrent laryngeal N

28
Q

where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch off?

A

Right side: at subclavian artery and goes behind

Left side: aortic arch

29
Q

what supplies infrahyoid muscles?

A

ansa cervicalis (c1-3)

30
Q

what gives sensation to anterior part of ear

A

greater auricular nerve (c2-3)

31
Q

what supplies platysma muscle?

A

cervical branch of facial nerve

32
Q

describe the levels of axillary clearance and its anatomical borders

A

lvl 1: up to lateral edge of pectoralis minor
lvl 2: lvl 1 + posterior of pect minor
lvl 3: superior and medial to pect minor

33
Q

what kind of bacteria is commonly seen a/w staghorn calculi

A

urease producing bacteria e.g. klebsiella, proteus, enterobacter, pseudomonas

34
Q

what kind of skin infection is a/w green discharge and foul smelling

A

pseudomonas A

35
Q

high altitude does what to pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

increases resistance by constriction of arterioles - this shunts blood to better ventilated lung areas

36
Q

what is the supply and course of the middle meningeal artery

A

ECA -> maxillary -> MMA within infratemporal fossa -> F spinosum -> dura/skull

37
Q

where does the left brachiocephalic vein lie in relation to the aortic arch?

A

lies over it (anterior), travels obliquely

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