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My MRCPsych Paper B > MRCPsych Paper B - Critical review > Flashcards

MRCPsych Paper B - Critical review Flashcards

1
Q

Type of randomization - using odd/even numbers of DOB

A

Quasi-randomization
*because it is not reproducible

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2
Q

Type of randomization - coin toss

A

not randomization

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3
Q

Type of randomization - computer generated random list

A

Simple randomization

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4
Q

Type of randomization - blocks of 6

A

Block randomization

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5
Q

Type of randomization - randomize clusters or catchment zones, not individuals

A

Cluster randomization

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6
Q

Type of randomization - next allocation is based on the characteristics of what is already present

A

Minimisation

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7
Q

How to control confounders?

A

Restriction
Matching
Randomisation
Stratification
Multivariate analysis

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8
Q

Type of bias - difference between hospital/admitted population and community population

A

Berkson bias

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9
Q

Type of bias - using incidence rather than prevalence in determining causation computations

A

Neyman bias

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10
Q

Type of bias - exclusion of comorbidities in a non-representative sample

A

Diagnostic purity bias

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11
Q

How to control measurement bias?

A

Blinding

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12
Q

How to control analysis bias?

A

Intention to treat analysis

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13
Q

Statistical study to quantify heterogeneity

A

Chi-square - Cochran’s Q(uantify)
*Q(uantify)

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14
Q

Statistical study to differentiate between heterogeneity and chance

A

I2 statistic

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15
Q

Economic study - used to decide how to spend the allocated money effectively

A

Cost benefit

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16
Q

Economic study - used to compare just the costs

A

Cost minimisation

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17
Q

Economic study - used when both interventions result in an outcome that can be measure using the same clinical scale

A

Cost effectiveness

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18
Q

Economic study - used when considering the holistic effect of what is being measured (DALY, QOL, life utility units)

A

Cost utility

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19
Q

Economic study - used when different interventions AND different outcomes are being measured using natural units

A

Cost consequences

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20
Q

Sensitivity analysis - effect of resampling the data set

A

Bootstrapping

21
Q

Sensitivity analysis - the uncertainty in each unit is assumed to possess a probability distribution while estimating the predicted effects

A

Monte-Carlo simulation

22
Q

What is PDSA?

A

Plan Do Study Act

23
Q

What is FOCUS?

A

Finding - process to improve
Organizing - a team
Clarifying - current knowledge
Understanding - causes of variation
Selecting - improvement process

24
Q

What is FADE?

A

Focus - define the problem
Analyze - data collection for current knowledge and root cause of the problem
Develop - action plan
Execute - implement
Evaluate - measuring and monitoring system

25
Q

Arrangement of central tendency in a negative/left skew?

A

Mean Median Mode
*alphabetical

26
Q

Arrangement of central tendency in a positive/right skew?

A

Mode Median Mean

27
Q

Std. error of mean (SE) is always __ to Std. deviation

A

smaller
*SE < SD

28
Q

The rectangle of a box and whisker plot pertains to what?

A

50th to 75th percentile

29
Q

The line cutting through the rectangle of a box and whisker plot pertains to what?

A

median value

30
Q

Percentage of data that lie within 1 SD

A

68%
*Shaq Nash vs 2 = 34 + 13 + 2

31
Q

Percentage of data that lie within 2 SD

A

95%
*Shaq Nash vs 2 = 34 + 13 + 2

32
Q

Percentage of data that lie within 3 SD

A

99%
*Shaq Nash vs 2 = 34 + 13 + 2

33
Q

What is a Type 1 error

A

False positive, α

34
Q

What is a Type 2 error

A

False negative, β

35
Q

How to increase the power of a study?

A

increase significance level
increase sample size
increase effect size
decrease variability
use a one sided test

36
Q

Value of no difference of OR

A

1

37
Q

Value of no difference of RR

A

1

38
Q

Value of no difference of ARR

A

0

39
Q

Value of no difference of RRR

A

0

40
Q

Value of no difference of NNT

A

∞

41
Q

How can you decrease the width of the CI?

A

Use a smaller degree of CI (95% to 90%)
Reduce SD by stratifying
Increase sample size = N

42
Q

Effect size scores and interpretation

A

0.5 ± 0.3 = medium (vs small, large)
*effect size score is that amount of SD above the average person in the control group

43
Q

How to correct for multiple testings?

A
  1. Bonferroni correction - adjust the p-value/ significance levels
  2. Family-wise error - probability one of the data sets is a Type 1/ False Positive error
  3. False discovery rate - control the PROPORTION of Type 1/ False positive error
44
Q

Average duration of test-retest correlation used in psychiatry

A

2-14 days

45
Q

Arbitrary cutoff for Cronbach’s alpha

A

0.70

46
Q

Type of validity - agreement between instruments that measure the same construct

A

Convergent validity

47
Q

Type of validity - disagreement between two scales measuring different constructs

A

Divergent validity

48
Q

Type of validity - sensitivity to change

A

Experimental validity

49
Q
A

My MRCPsych Paper B (8 decks)

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