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Biology > Mr P bio 7 Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Mr P bio 7 Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate group, organic base and pentose sugar

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2
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

what is the monomer of DNA?

A

nucleotide

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4
Q

what are the 3 components of DNA?

A

phosphate group, organic base and deoxyribose sugar

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5
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

double helix consisting of 2 polynucleotide strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases

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6
Q

which bases pair with which in DNA?

A

Adenine with thymine
guanine with cytosine

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7
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does each base pair form?

A

A-T= 2
G-C=3

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8
Q

what are the two bonds found within DNA?

A

hydrogen and phophodiester

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9
Q

where are phosphodiester bonds found?

A

between the sugar and phosphate group

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10
Q

how are DNA strands formatted?

A

they are antiparallel

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11
Q

how is DNA adapted for its function as a storage molecule? (6)

A

-DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone
-DNA is a really large molecule so can store lots of info
-DNA is coiled into a helix so is compact
-base sequence codes for amino acids/ proteins
-DNA is double stranded (covered later on in year)
-DNA has many weak H bonds for replication

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12
Q

why is DNA’s sugar phosphate backbone an adaptation for its function as a storage molecule?

A

when coiled into a double helix, this provides strength and stability and protects the bases from damage

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13
Q

What are the 3 components of RNA?

A

Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, ribose sugar

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

Messenger, transfer and ribosomal

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15
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA-single stranded, uses uracil, 1 polynucleotide chain, uses ribose sugar, several 100s-1000s of nucleotides in a chain
DNA-double stranded, uses thymine, 2 polynucleotide chains, uses deoxyribose’s sugars, many millions of nucleotides in a chain

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16
Q

What is the structure of mRNA?

A

Single stranded polynucleotide chain that is a copy of a single gene on the DNA so length depends on no of bases in gene so shorter than DNA

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17
Q

WhT does mRNA have instead of thymine?

A

Uracil

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18
Q

how is the structure mRNA related to the structure DNA?

A

it is complementary

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19
Q

what is the sequence of 3 bases called?

A

codon

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20
Q

how many amino acids does each codon code for?

A

one

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21
Q

approximately, how many nucleotides are contained in tRNA’s polynucleotide chain?

A

75

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22
Q

how many polynucleotide chains does tRNA contain?

A

1

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23
Q

what is the structure of tRNA compared to?

A

clover leaf

24
Q

what are the different components of tRNA?

A

amino acid attachment site, sugar phosphate backbone, anticodon

25
Q

within tRNA, what bonds join the complementary bases?

A

hydrogen

26
Q

what is the role tRNA?

A

to carry a specific amino acid to the site of protein synthesis and its anticodon base-pairs with the codon on the mRNA molecule

27
Q

what are the differences between DNA and tRNA?

A

DNA-deoxyribose, thyomine, 2 polynucleotide strands, many millions of nucleotides in chain
tRNA- ribose, Uracil, 1 polynucleotide strand, about 75 nucleotides in a chain

28
Q

what are the components of ATP?

A

nitrogenous organic base and 3 phosphate groups

29
Q

what is ATP formed from?

A

from ADP and inorganic phosphate

30
Q

what reaction occurs to form ATP and what bond is formed?

A

condensation reaction and requires lots of energy to add a phosphate group to ADP so a high energy covalent bonds is created

31
Q

what enzyme formed ATP?

A

ATP synthase

32
Q

what happens when ATP is hydrolysed?

A

easily broken down back into ADP and inorganic phosphate and when this happens the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate breaks and releases large amounts of usable energy

33
Q

why is ATP useful?

A
  1. energy released in small amounts
  2. ATP is soluble
  3. involves a single reaction
34
Q

what are 3 uses of ATP?

A

active transport, muscle contraction and protein synthesis

35
Q

which enzyme speeds up the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ATP hydrolase

36
Q

what is a gene?

A

a section of DNA that codes for a particular polypeptide and can also code for a functional RNA

37
Q

what is the location of a gene on a particular DNA molecule called?

A

locus

38
Q

what is the genome?

A

all of an organisms genes

39
Q

what is the name for the range of proteins that a cell produces using its DNA?

A

proteome

40
Q

what is an allele?

A

different forms of the same gene

41
Q

why is the genetic code described as being universal?

A

triplet codes code for the same amino acids in all organisms

42
Q

why is the genetic code described as being non- overlapping?

A

the ribosome reads each base only only once in the codons

43
Q

why is the genetic code described as being degenerate?

A

more than one triplet codes for an amino acid

44
Q

how does a change in the base sequence of DNA lead to an enzyme not functioning? (4)

A

-DNA base sequence codes for sequence of amino acids/ primary structure
-changing the H, ionic and disulphide bonds between R groups
-change in tertiary structure and shape of active site
-substrate unable to bind so no enzyme- substrate complexes formed

45
Q

how is the DNA in a prokaryotic cell different to in a eukaryotic cell?

A

prokaryotes contain a single circular DNA molecule and often contain one or more plasmids whereas eukaryotic cells contain chromosomes

46
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

linear DNA molecule wrapped around a protein called a histone to form a rod like structure

47
Q

where is non-coding DNA found?

A

in between genes

48
Q

what is a non-coding repeat?

A

a sequence of bases which is repeated a number of times

49
Q

what is non-coding DNA within a gene called?

A

intron

50
Q

list the 5 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

A

prokaryotic- stored in one long, circular DNA ring, smaller, no associated proteins, doesn’t form chromosomes, no non- coding DNA in plasmid
eukaryotic- linear DNA, larger, associated with proteins called histones, forms chromosomes, contains introns and non-coding repeats

51
Q

give 2 ways in which the hydrolysis of ATP is used in cells

A

processes such as active transport
to add phosphate to other substances and make them more reactive

52
Q

describe how ATP is resynthesised in cells

A

ATP synthase is used to change ATP and phosphate to ATP during respiration/ photosynthesis

53
Q

explain how the organic bases help to stabilise the structure of DNA

A

hydrogen bonds between base pairs holds 2 strands together and many hydrogen bonds provide strength

54
Q

explain how humans and grasshoppers can have a similar percentage of each base in their DNA

A

they have different genes so triplets are in a different order so different amino acid sequence coded for

55
Q

Give three ways in which the DNA in a chloroplast is different from DNA in the nucleus.

A

In Chloroplasts:
-DNA shorter
-fewer genes
-circular
-not associated with proteins
-introns absent

Biology (19 decks)

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