Mr P bio 1 carbohydrates

Question 1

what is a monomer?

Answer 1

A single repeating unit

Question 2

what is a polymer?

Answer 2

A long chain of monomers

Question 3

name another polymer of glucose besides starch

Answer 3

glycogen

Question 4

what holds monomers to form polymers?

Answer 4

bonds

Question 5

why do we need to digest our food?

Answer 5

to break the foods down into their monomers to be absorbed

Question 6

what are the three monosaccharides?

Answer 6

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 7

where is starch broken down?

Answer 7

mouth and small intestine

Question 8

why are lipids not polymers?

Answer 8

they’re made of two different substances

Question 9

how many bonds do carbon, oxygen and hydrogen form?

Answer 9

carbon-4 oxygen-2 hydrogen-1

Question 10

what are alpha and beta glucose known as and why?

Answer 10

isomers as they are both molecules of glucose but have been arranged in a different way so have different properties.

Question 11

what is a disaccharide?

Answer 11

two monosaccharides chemically joined together

Question 12

what is the formula for forming maltose?

Answer 12

C6H1206 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O

Question 13

what is a condensation reaction?

Answer 13

joins two molecules together by forming a chemical bond, which releases water

Question 14

what is hydrolosis?

Answer 14

polymers being broken down to constituent monomers by adding water

Question 15

what type of covalent bond is formed when monosaccharides join?

Answer 15

glycosidic bond

Question 16

what are the two parts to starch?

Answer 16

amylose and amylopectin

Question 17

what is the structure of amylose and what are the benefits to its function?

Answer 17

unbranched, coiled helical structure - compact and excellent for storage

Question 18

why is starch insoluble? (2)

Answer 18

does no affect osmosis and does not diffuse out of cells

Question 19

what is the structure of amylopectin and what are the benefits to its function?

Answer 19

branches- increase the area for enzymes to hydrolyse it so it can be broken down quicker into glucose than amylose.

Question 20

what two monosaccharides form sucrose?

Answer 20

alpha glucose and fructose

Question 21

what two monosaccharides form maltose?

Answer 21

alpha glucose and alpha glucose

Question 22

what two monosaccharides form lactose?

Answer 22

galactose and alpha glucose

Question 23

name the enzyme that hydrolyses maltose into two glucose molecules

Answer 23

maltase

Question 24

name the two polysaccharides

Answer 24

glycogen and cellulose

Question 25

what do lots of beta glucose form?

Answer 25

fibrils

Question 26

explain 4 ways how cellulose molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells

Answer 26

long and straight chains, become linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils, provide strength to cell walls, cellulose fibres are freely permeable allows water and solutes to leave or reach the cell membrane

Question 27

which sugar is non-reducing?

Answer 27

sucrose

Question 28

how is beta glucose able to bond?

Answer 28

every other beta glucose molecule rotates 180 degrees to allow OH groups on carbon 1 and 4 to adjacent to each other to form a glycosidic bond

Question 29

how are the chains of cellulose formatted?

Answer 29

in layers

Question 30

draw the structure of an alpha glucose molecule (not simplified)

Answer 30

(search for reference)

Question 31

draw the simplified structure of an alpha glucose molecule

Answer 31

(search for reference)

Question 32

Name the monomers that form a cellulose molecule

Answer 32

Beta glucose

Question 33

Name two ways in which the structure of cellulose is different from starch

Answer 33

Starch= helix shape; 1,4 and 1,6 bonds; all glucose/monomers the same way; no microfibrils
Cellulose= long straight chains; hydrogen bonds (microfibrils); 1,4 bonds and no 1,6 bonds; alternate glucose/ monomers upside down

Question 34

How does digestion of starch in the gut lead to an increase of conc of glucose in the blood?

Answer 34

Starch is hydrolysed by enzymes so it is a monosaccharide and is therefore small enough to cross the gut wall into the blood

Question 35

What is the biochemical test for a non- reducing sugar?

Answer 35

Add hydrochloride acid, heat in a water bath, neutralise with an alkali, add Benedict’s, brick red= positive

Question 36

Describe the structure of glycogen

Answer 36

Formed from 1,6 and 1,4 bonds, is branches and is a polysaccharide/ polymer of alpha glucose, is coiled

Question 37

Why can glycogen act as a source of energy?

Answer 37

Can be hydrolysed into glucose for respiration

Question 38

Describe the differences between the structure of a cellulose and glycogen molecule

Answer 38

Glycogen= 1,4 and 1,6 bonds, straight chain, made up of alpha glucose
Cellulose= 1,4 bonds, unbranched, made up of beta glucose

Question 39

Describe + explain the structure of cellulose

Answer 39

Hydrogen bonds which form microfibrils and are very strong so help with maintaining the cell wall, long straight chains to make it compact, beta glucose molecules are flipped 180 degrees every other molecule so glycosidic bonds can form,

Question 40

suggest an advantage of using an enzyme based method to test for the precedes of glucose in a sample

Answer 40

enzyme based method isomer quantitive and specific to glucose