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Biology > Mr P bio 1 carbohydrates > Flashcards

Mr P bio 1 carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what is a monomer?

A

A single repeating unit

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2
Q

what is a polymer?

A

A long chain of monomers

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3
Q

name another polymer of glucose besides starch

A

glycogen

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4
Q

what holds monomers to form polymers?

A

bonds

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5
Q

why do we need to digest our food?

A

to break the foods down into their monomers to be absorbed

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6
Q

what are the three monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

where is starch broken down?

A

mouth and small intestine

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8
Q

why are lipids not polymers?

A

they’re made of two different substances

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9
Q

how many bonds do carbon, oxygen and hydrogen form?

A

carbon-4 oxygen-2 hydrogen-1

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10
Q

what are alpha and beta glucose known as and why?

A

isomers as they are both molecules of glucose but have been arranged in a different way so have different properties.

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11
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharides chemically joined together

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12
Q

what is the formula for forming maltose?

A

C6H1206 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 + H2O

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13
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

joins two molecules together by forming a chemical bond, which releases water

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14
Q

what is hydrolosis?

A

polymers being broken down to constituent monomers by adding water

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15
Q

what type of covalent bond is formed when monosaccharides join?

A

glycosidic bond

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16
Q

what are the two parts to starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

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17
Q

what is the structure of amylose and what are the benefits to its function?

A

unbranched, coiled helical structure - compact and excellent for storage

18
Q

why is starch insoluble? (2)

A

does no affect osmosis and does not diffuse out of cells

19
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin and what are the benefits to its function?

A

branches- increase the area for enzymes to hydrolyse it so it can be broken down quicker into glucose than amylose.

20
Q

what two monosaccharides form sucrose?

A

alpha glucose and fructose

21
Q

what two monosaccharides form maltose?

A

alpha glucose and alpha glucose

22
Q

what two monosaccharides form lactose?

A

galactose and alpha glucose

23
Q

name the enzyme that hydrolyses maltose into two glucose molecules

24
Q

name the two polysaccharides

A

glycogen and cellulose

25
Q

what do lots of beta glucose form?

26
Q

explain 4 ways how cellulose molecules are adapted for their function in plant cells

A

long and straight chains, become linked together by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils, provide strength to cell walls, cellulose fibres are freely permeable allows water and solutes to leave or reach the cell membrane

27
Q

which sugar is non-reducing?

28
Q

how is beta glucose able to bond?

A

every other beta glucose molecule rotates 180 degrees to allow OH groups on carbon 1 and 4 to adjacent to each other to form a glycosidic bond

29
Q

how are the chains of cellulose formatted?

30
Q

draw the structure of an alpha glucose molecule (not simplified)

A

(search for reference)

31
Q

draw the simplified structure of an alpha glucose molecule

A

(search for reference)

32
Q

Name the monomers that form a cellulose molecule

A

Beta glucose

33
Q

Name two ways in which the structure of cellulose is different from starch

A

Starch= helix shape; 1,4 and 1,6 bonds; all glucose/monomers the same way; no microfibrils
Cellulose= long straight chains; hydrogen bonds (microfibrils); 1,4 bonds and no 1,6 bonds; alternate glucose/ monomers upside down

34
Q

How does digestion of starch in the gut lead to an increase of conc of glucose in the blood?

A

Starch is hydrolysed by enzymes so it is a monosaccharide and is therefore small enough to cross the gut wall into the blood

35
Q

What is the biochemical test for a non- reducing sugar?

A

Add hydrochloride acid, heat in a water bath, neutralise with an alkali, add Benedict’s, brick red= positive

36
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen

A

Formed from 1,6 and 1,4 bonds, is branches and is a polysaccharide/ polymer of alpha glucose, is coiled

37
Q

Why can glycogen act as a source of energy?

A

Can be hydrolysed into glucose for respiration

38
Q

Describe the differences between the structure of a cellulose and glycogen molecule

A

Glycogen= 1,4 and 1,6 bonds, straight chain, made up of alpha glucose
Cellulose= 1,4 bonds, unbranched, made up of beta glucose

39
Q

Describe + explain the structure of cellulose

A

Hydrogen bonds which form microfibrils and are very strong so help with maintaining the cell wall, long straight chains to make it compact, beta glucose molecules are flipped 180 degrees every other molecule so glycosidic bonds can form,

40
Q

suggest an advantage of using an enzyme based method to test for the precedes of glucose in a sample

A

enzyme based method isomer quantitive and specific to glucose

Biology (19 decks)

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