Movements

Question 1

State the movements allowed at the talocrural joint

Answer 1

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

Question 2

Describe Dorsiflexion

• Plane
• Range + Limits
• Muscles (+insufficiencies)
• Functional Movement

Answer 2

> Plane - sagittal plane/frontal axis
Range: 35 degrees
Limits = posterior part of deltoid ligament
= CFL
= Tension in plantarflexors
= wedging of talus between malleoli
Muscles: Tibialis Anterior
assisted by: EDL, EHL & peroneus tertius
Passive Insufficiency: gastrocnemius in knee ext and dorsiflexion
Functional Movement: foot lift in walking
: releasing brake in driving

Question 3

Describe Plantarflexion

• Plane
• Range + Limits
• Muscles (+insufficiencies)
• Functional Movement

Answer 3

> Plane: Sagittal plane/frontal axis
Range: 50 degrees
Limits: Anterior deltoid ligament
: ATFL
: Tension in dorsiflexors
Muscles: Gastrocnemius + Soleus
assisted by: Plantaris/Tib Post/Peroneus Longus/Peroneus Brevis/FHL/FDL
- Active Insufficiency: Gastrocnemius in knee flexion and plantar flexion
Functional movements: Propulsion in walking
: Pressing brake in driving

Question 4

State the movements allowed at the subtalar and midtarsal joints

Answer 4

Inversion and Eversion

Question 5

Describe Inversion

• Plane
• Range + Limits
• Muscles (+insufficiencies)
• Functional Movement

Answer 5

> Foot turns inwards, raising medial border
Plane - Combo of all 3 planes (Adduction + Supination often associated with plantarflexion)
Range: 45-60 degrees (greater in plantarflexion)
- Limits: Dorsal talonavicular ligament
Muscles: Tibialis Anterior/Tibialis Posterior
assisted by: EHL + FHL
Functional movements: standing on one leg
: walking on uneven ground

Question 6

Describe Eversion

• Plane
• Range + Limits
• Muscles (+insufficiencies)
• Functional Movement

Answer 6

> Foot turns outwards, raising lateral border (abduction + pronation usually combined with dorsiflexion)
Plane/axis: combo of all 3
Range 15-30 degrees
- Limits: Impact of talus on floor of tarsal sinus
: Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
Muscles: Peroneus Longus/Brevis/Tertius
Functional movements: Standing on one leg
: Walking on uneven ground

Question 7

State the movements allowed at the metatarsophalangeal joints

Answer 7

> flexion/extension

> adduction/abduction

Question 8

Describe flexion of MTP
Plane
Range + limits
Muscles

Answer 8

> Sagittal plane/frontal axis
> range:  40 degrees (45 for great toe)
limited by: tension in antagonists 
> Muscles: FDL, FDB, FHL, FHB, interossei, lumbricals
assisted by: FD accessorius

Question 9

Describe extension of MTP
Plane
Range+ limits
Muscles

Answer 9

> Sagittal plane/ frontal axis
Range: 40 degrees (70 degrees for great toe)
limits: tension in antagonists + plantar ligaments
Muscles: EDL, EDB, EHL

Question 10

Describe Abduction of MTP
Plane
Range + limits
Muscles

Answer 10

Plane: Frontal plane/ sagittal axis
Range: not measured - observe toe spread
limits: tension in antagonists
Muscles: Abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, dorsal interossei (2nd, 3rd + 4th toe)

Question 11

Describe Adduction of MTP
Plane
Range + limits
Muscles

Answer 11

Plane: Frontal plane, sagittal axis
Range: not measured
limits: apposition of other toes
Muscles: Adductor Hallucis, plantar interossei (3rd, 4th, 5th toes)

Question 12

Describe flexion of interphalangeal joints
Plane
Range + limits
Muscles

Answer 12

Plane: sagittal plane and frontal axis
Range: Great toe - 90 degrees
           :  PIP: 35 degrees
           : DIP 60 degrees
Limits: tension in antagonists and soft tissue apposition
Muscles: FHL, FDL, FDB
assisted by FDaccessorius

Question 13

Describe extension of interphalangeal joints
Plane
Range + limits
Muscles

Answer 13

Plane: Sagittal plane / frontal axis
Range: Great toe: 0 degrees
           : PIP: 0 degrees
           : DIP: 30 degrees
Limits: tension in antagonists + plantar ligaments
Muscles: EHL, EDL, EDB 
assisted by: Lumbricals