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ISSA Personal Training Certification > Movement Systems > Flashcards

Movement Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

The physiological process of converting a neural impulse into a mechanical response.

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2
Q

Action potential

A

An explosion of electrical activity caused by a neural impulse.

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3
Q

All-or-none principle

A

The principle stating the strength of a neural electrical signal is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus so long as the neural threshold is achieved.

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart.

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5
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Muscle tissue in the gut and internal organs that is involuntarily controlled. It does not fatigue easily and does not contact quickly.

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

The voluntary muscles attached to bones via tendons (thick fibrous connective tissue) that produces human movement. Contains many nuclei, fatigues easily, and cannot easily sustain prolonged max-effort contractions.

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7
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

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8
Q

Glycogen

A

The stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.

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9
Q

Myofibrils

A

Parallel filaments that form muscle.

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10
Q

Myofilaments

A

The filaments of myofibrils composed of actin and myosin.

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11
Q

Actin

A

The thin filaments of muscle myofilaments where myosin bind to contract muscles.

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12
Q

Myosin

A

The thick filaments of myofilaments with a fibrous head, neck, and tail that bind to actin.

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13
Q

Sarcomere

A

The contractile unit of muscle tissue.

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14
Q

Z line

A

The lateral boundary of the sarcomere where the myofilament actin attaches.

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15
Q

Organelle

A

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

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16
Q

Endomysium

A

The connective tissue covering each muscle fiber. Also contains capillaries and nerves.

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17
Q

Epimysium

A

Fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds a muscle.

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18
Q

Fasciculi

A

Bundles of muscle fibers; the singular is “fascicle.”

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19
Q

Perimysium

A

The connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers. 150 individual muscle fibers.

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20
Q

Tendons

A

A strong, fibrous cord made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone.

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21
Q

Periosteum

A

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

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22
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The space between a motor neuron and muscle fiber.

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical messenger that transmits messages between neurons or from neurons to muscles.

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24
Q

Acetylcholine

A

The neurotransmitter released by an action potential at the neuromuscular junction.

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25
Q

Sliding-filament theory

A

The interaction of actin and myosin that describes the process of muscle contraction.

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26
Q

Slow-twitch or type I muscle fibers

A

Slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers with high mitochondrial density.

Ideal for long endurance activities.

Often called oxidative fibers.

High liability to recruitment

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27
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle with a double membrane and many folds inside responsible for generating the chemical energy needed for biochemical reactions.

The powerhouse of the cell.

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28
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fibers or type II muscle fibers

A

Fast-twitch fibers contract quickly and with greater force than slow-twitch fibers.

Moderate liability to recruitment

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29
Q

Type IIa Fibers

A

Fast-twitch, moderately fatigable muscle fibers with moderate mitochondrial density.

Derive energy from anaerobic metabolism (energy made without the presence of oxygen), do not require oxygen to function, and are ideal fibers for longer bouts of anaerobic movement

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30
Q

Type IIx Fibers

A

Fast-twitch, fast-fatigable muscle fibers with low mitochondrial density.

Fire with great power and strength.

Lower capillary density.

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31
Q

Size principle of fiber recruitment (aka Henneman principle)

A

Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates.

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32
Q

Fusiform muscle

A

Spindle-shaped with a large muscle belly like the biceps muscle

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33
Q

Convergent muscle (aka triangular muscle)

A

Broad on one end with fibers converging and narrowing on the other end, like the pectoralis major (chest)

Muscle fibers converging from a broad origin (fixed point where the muscle attaches closest to the torso) to a single tendon of insertion (fixed point where the muscle attaches furthest from the torso).

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34
Q

Circular muscle

A

Surrounds external openings of the body, which are sometimes referred to as sphincters

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35
Q

Parallel muscle fibers

A

Run parallel along the axis of the muscle, like the sartorius, a long muscle in the thigh

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36
Q

Pennate muscles

A

Muscles with fascicles that attach obliquely (diagonally)

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37
Q

Penniform muscles

A

Muscle fibers that run diagonally in respect to the tendon similar to a feather.

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38
Q

Unipennate muscle

A

Muscle fibers extending from one side of a central tendon.

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39
Q

Bipennate muscle

A

Muscle fibers extending from both sides of a central tendon.

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40
Q

Multipennate muscle

A

Muscle fibers extending from both sides of multiple central tendons.

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41
Q

Muscle actions

A

Force production by a muscle that can result in a change of length (i.e., shortening or lengthening) or no length change at all.

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42
Q

Concentric muscle action

A

When the length of a muscle shortens as tension is produced.

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43
Q

Eccentric muscle action

A

When the length of a muscle increases as tension is produced.

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44
Q

Isometric muscle action

A

When the length of a muscle remains constant as tension is produced.

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45
Q

Stretch-shortening cycle

A

The cycling between the eccentric (stretch) action of a muscle and the concentric (shortening) action of the same muscle.

Can be improved by implementing plyometrics.

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46
Q

Joint

A

An articulation between two bones in the body.

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47
Q

Bone marrow

A

The soft, spongelike tissue in the center of most bones containing stem cells of red or white blood cells or platelets.

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48
Q

Cancellous bone

A

The meshwork of spongy tissue (trabeculae) of mature adult bone, typically found at the core of vertebral bones and the ends of the long bones.

Supports shifts in weight distribution

Has open spaces that may house bone marrow

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49
Q

Compact bone

A

A denser material, also known as cortical bone, making up the hard structure of the skeleton.

Made of calcium and minerals.

Can withstand compressive forces.

Fibers are arranged in a honeycomb pattern.

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50
Q

Osteogenesis

A

The process of bone formation or remodeling.

Cells called osteoblasts play a significant role in this process by depositing new bone material.

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51
Q

Myositis ossificans

A

A condition when bone tissue forms within a muscle or other soft tissue as a result of trauma or injury.

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52
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm, flexible connective tissue that pads and protects joints and structural components of the body.

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53
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

The explanation for bone adaptations as a result of the loads placed on them.

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54
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Joints with fibrous connective tissue joining two bones that allow for very little movement.

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55
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Moderately movable joints made of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

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56
Q

Synovial joints

A

Fluid-filled joints found between bones that move against one another.

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57
Q

Non-synovial joints

A

Joints that lack a fluid junction.

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58
Q

Articular capsule

A

The envelope surrounding a synovial joint.

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59
Q

Synovial fluid

A

A viscous fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints.

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60
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The broad term meaning joint motion that can be used in reference to all joint motions.

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61
Q

Close-packed joint position

A

The most stable joint position, when the connective tissue is taut and neighboring bones have the most contact.

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62
Q

Loose-packed joint position

A

The less stable joint position represented by any other joint position other than close-packed.

63
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

The proprioceptive sensory organ that senses muscle tension in a tendon and inhibits muscle action.

64
Q

Feedback loop

A

The return of a system’s output as input for a future action.

65
Q

Muscle spindle

A

The proprioceptive sensory organ that senses muscle stretch in a muscle and promotes muscle action.

66
Q

Ligament

A

Tough bands of connective tissue made of collagen and elastin connecting bone to bone.

Help prevent excessive movement within a joint.

67
Q

Elastin

A

A highly elastic connective tissue allowing many tissues to retain their shape.

68
Q

Varus

A

An abnormal joint movement away from the midline of the body (i.e., bowlegged).

69
Q

Joint capsule

A

A thin, strong layer of connective tissue containing synovial fluid in freely moving joints.

70
Q

Valgus

A

An abnormal joint movement toward the midline of the body (i.e., knock-kneed).

71
Q

Periochondrium

A

The connective tissue enveloping cartilage everywhere except at a joint.

72
Q

Articular cartilage

A

A form of hyaline cartilage located on the joint surface of bones.

Blocks pain signals and reduces compressive stress.

73
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain-sensitive nerve endings.

74
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

A transparent cartilage found on most joint surfaces and in the respiratory tract, which contains no nerves or blood vessels.

75
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

An elastic and tough tissue containing type I and type II collagen.

76
Q

Meniscus

A

A form of fibrocartilage present in the knee, wrist, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints.

77
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Flexible cartilage present in the outer ear, inner ear, and epiglottis.

78
Q

Epiglottis

A

A piece of elastic cartilage in the throat that opens during breathing and closes during swallowing.

79
Q

Circulatory system

A

A closed system circulating blood through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Transport of nutrients from the digestive system to body tissues and serves as a clearing house for the biochemical waste products resulting from physical activity

80
Q

Closed system

A

A physical system that does not allow for the movement of matter into or out of the system.

81
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues.

82
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart to remove waste and pick up more oxygen.

83
Q

Capillaries

A

Fine-branching blood vessels forming a network between the arterioles and venules, where transport of nutrients and oxygen or carbon dioxide occurs on a microscopic scale.

84
Q

Arterioles

A

The smaller branches of the arteries leading to the capillaries.

85
Q

Venules

A

The small branches of the veins gathering blood from the capillaries.

86
Q

Atrium

A

One of the two upper cavities of the heart passing blood to the ventricles. The plural is “atria.”

87
Q

Ventricle

A

One of the two lower cavities of the heart passing blood to the body or to the lungs.

88
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Blood vessels moving blood from the heart to the lungs.

89
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Blood vessels returning oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs.

90
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery in the body that supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system.

91
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The blood flow between the heart and the lungs.

92
Q

Systemic circulation

A

The blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.

93
Q

Superior vena cava

A

The blood vessel moving blood from the upper body and head to the heart.

94
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

The blood vessel moving blood from the lower body to the heart.

95
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical processes that occur in the body to support life including converting food into energy.

96
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves (aka tricuspid)

A

Valves between the atria and ventricles preventing the backward flow of blood during cardiac contractions.

97
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

The action of the heart from the start of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next.

98
Q

Systole

A

The heartbeat phase where muscle contraction moves blood from the heart chambers to the arteries.

99
Q

Diastole

A

The heartbeat phase where the cardiac muscle relaxes and the heart chambers fill with blood.

100
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

The pacemaker of the heart that generates the first electrical signal of a heartbeat and stimulates the atria to contract.

101
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

The nerve node between the right atrium and right ventricle that propagates the electrical signal from the SA note to more distal heart nerves that cause ventricular contraction.

102
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.

103
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of heartbeats per minute.

104
Q

Pulse

A

A rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them.

105
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries during the two phases of the cardiac cycle.

106
Q

Systolic

A

The pressure in blood vessels when the heart beats (ventricular contraction).

107
Q

Diastolic

A

The pressure in blood vessels when the heart rests (ventricular filling).

108
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure measuring 90/60 mm Hg or lower.

109
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure measuring more than 140/90 mm Hg.

110
Q

Cardiac output

A

How much blood the heart is pumping per minute.

111
Q

Blood volume

A

The total volume of blood within the circulatory system of an individual.

112
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

The vascular resistance of the arteries to blood flow.

113
Q

Blood viscosity

A

The thickness and “stickiness” of blood and how it affects its flow through the blood vessels.

114
Q

Antibodies

A

Blood proteins that combine with other substances in the body to recognize foreign bodies as part of the immune response.

115
Q

Lymph

A

The colorless fluid of the lymphatic system.

116
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The fluid found between cells.

117
Q

Respiration

A

The intake of oxygen and subsequent release of carbon dioxide in an organism.

118
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

The process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air.

119
Q

Inspiration

A

Breathing air into the lungs.

120
Q

Expiration

A

Breathing air out of the lungs.

121
Q

Diaphragm

A

The dome-shaped muscle that separates the lungs and pleural cavity from the abdomen.

122
Q

Diffusion

A

The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient or from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

123
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

The chest cavity enclosed by the ribs, sternum, and spinal column.

124
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure

A

The pressure within the alveoli that changes throughout respiration.

125
Q

External respiration

A

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.

126
Q

Internal respiration

A

The process of diffusing oxygen from the blood into the interstitial fluid and into the cells.

127
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers stored, created, and released by endocrine glands.

Made of amino acids, lipids, or peptides (chains of amino acids).

128
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands releasing hormones that remain within the body.

129
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that produce and release substances through ducts or openings on the body’s surface.

130
Q

Amino acids

A

Simple organic compounds known as the building blocks of proteins.

131
Q

Steroids

A

A class of chemicals characterized by their carbon structure, working to reduce inflammation and the activity of the immune system.

132
Q

Electrolytes

A

Minerals in the body that have an electric charge.

133
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar the body uses for energy production on the cellular level.

134
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone produced in the pancreas to regulate blood sugar.

135
Q

Testosterone

A

A steroid hormone found in both males and females.

136
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A skeletal condition that results in weak or brittle bones.

137
Q

Catabolic

A

Metabolic activity involving the breakdown of molecules such as proteins or lipids.

138
Q

Protein synthesis

A

The process of arranging amino acids into protein structures.

139
Q

Anabolic

A

The process of creating larger molecules from smaller units.

140
Q

Growth hormone

A

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth in animal cells.

141
Q

Insulin-like growth factor

A

A protein similar to insulin that stimulates growth of cells.

142
Q

Cortisol

A

A catabolic hormone released in response to physical and emotional stress.

143
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Molecules released by the liver in starvation states for an alternate energy source.

144
Q

Ketosis

A

A metabolic process that occurs when the body does not have enough carbohydrates for energy; the liver metabolizes fatty acids to produce ketones as a replacement energy source.

145
Q

Catecholamines

A

Hormones released by the adrenal glands into the blood as a result of stress.

146
Q

Peristalsis

A

The muscular contractions of the smooth muscle of the digestive tract, which moves food through the digestive tract.

147
Q

Chyme

A

A pulpy, acidic fluid that moves from the stomach to the small intestines containing partially digested food and gastric juices.

148
Q

Bile

A

A bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid aiding digestion, secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

149
Q

Salivary amylase

A

An enzyme found in saliva that converts starches and glycogen to more simple sugars.

150
Q

Integumentary system

A

Organ system protecting the body; composed of skin, hair, and nails.

151
Q

Epidermis

A

The outermost layer of the skin.

152
Q

Dermis

A

Deep to the epidermis; holds blood vessels, sweat glands, and hair follicles.

153
Q

Hypodermis

A

The deepest layer of skin housing fat cells and connective tissues.

154
Q
A

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