Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
Macronutrients
A type of food necessary in large quantities in the diet to support function and energy production, i.e. carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
Metabolism
All of the chemical processes that occur in the body to support life including converting food into energy.
Bioenergetics
The study of how energy is transformed in living organisms.
Cells
The building blocks of all living organisms.
Organelles
Tiny structures within cells, each with a unique function.
Plasma
The cellular membrane made of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm
The viscous fluid inside a living cell excluding the nucleus.
Phospholipid Bilayer
The dual layer of lipids that make up the cell membrane of most human cells.
Fatty acids
The smaller, absorbable building blocks of the fat that is found in the body.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
Self-replicating genetic material in human cells.
Gluconeogenesis
The generation of new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.
Glycolosis
The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
Mitosis
Cell division that results in two cells identical to the original cell (initiated in the nucleus)
Ribosomes
Small cellular organelles involved in polypeptide and protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A network of tubules attached to the nuclear membrane in cells.
An organelle that forms a network of canals within the cytoplasm and is continuous with the nuclear membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes
Primary role in the cell is to produce lipids and, in some cases, metabolize them and associated products
Involved in the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex and endocrine glands.
In muscle cells, the SER releases calcium ions to trigger the contraction of muscle cells and is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Glycogen
The stored form of glucose found in muscle tissue and the liver.
Golgi apparatus
An organelle of folded membranes responsible for packaging and transporting membrane-bound proteins
Glycoproteins
A class of proteins with a carbohydrate group(s) attached
Lysosomes
An organelle filled with digestive enzymes that breaks down materials the cell has absorbed
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell.
An organelle with a double membrane and many folds inside responsible for generating the chemical energy needed for biochemical reactions.
Oxidative phosphorylation
The energy-producing process that occurs in mitochondria in the presence of oxygen
Glucose
A simple sugar the body uses for energy production on the cellular level
Triglycerides
The main component of adipose tissue made of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule
Respiratory quotient (RQ)
A method of determining the fuel mix being used; a way to measure the relative amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins being burned for energy.
RQ = volume CO2 exhaled / volume of O2 inhaled
Indirect calorimetry
A way to measure energy expenditure by oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
An energy-carrying molecule used to fuel body processes.
ATP - ADP + P + energy + heat + H+
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
An organic compound essential to the flow of energy in living cells
Energy pathways
The chemical-reaction pathways that supply the body with energy on a cellular level.
Anaerobic
Without or not requiring oxygen.
Creatine phosphate
A high energy molecule stored in skeletal muscle, the myocardium, and the brain.
ATP/CP energy pathway
The anaerobic energy system that provides rapid energy using creatine phosphate to generate ATP.
Anaerobic glycolysis
The anaerobic energy system converting glucose to lactate when oxygen is limited.
Lactic acid
The chemical by-product of anaerobic glycolysis
Anaerobic threshold
The point at which the body switches from aerobic metabolism to primarily anaerobic metabolism.
Lactate threshold
The maximum effort or intensity an individual can maintain for an extended time with minimal effect on blood lactate levels. This is the point where muscle tissue begins to make large amounts of lactate.
Lactate acidosis
The accumulation of excess H+ (hydrogen ions) causing muscle fatigue and soreness.
Aerobic energy pathways
Cellular energy pathways that require oxygen for energy production
Aerobic glycolysis
The breakdown of glucose to ATP in the presence of oxygen
Oxidation
The chemical reaction of combining with oxygen or removing hydrogen
Oxidative energy pathway
An aerobic energy pathway using primarily fat and carbohydrates to produce energy
Krebs cycle
A series of chemical reactions inside the mitochondria that use (acetyl coenzyme A) acetyl-CoA to generate ATP and other substrates that contribute to the electron transport chain.
Electron transport chain
A series of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and hydrogen ions across the membrane to generate ATP from ADP
Pyruvate
A metabolic intermediate molecule in several energy pathways
Hypoglycemia
The condition of lower-than-normal blood glucose
Steady-state exercise
Exercise that maintains a steady level of exertion from start to finish
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
The amount of oxygen required to restore normal metabolic status
Calories
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1°C (4,184 joules) at a pressure of 1 atmosphere
Energy balance
The state achieved when energy intake is equal to energy expenditure.
Positive energy balance
More energy is consumed than expended.
Negative energy balance
More energy is expended than consumed
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
The accumulated calorie burn made up of resting metabolic rate, the thermic effect of food, physical activity, and physical growth
Resting metabolic rate
The energy expenditure of metabolic and physical processes when the body is at rest
Men = 66.4730 + (13.7516 x weight in kg) + (5.0033 x height in cm) – (6.7550 x age in years)
Women = 655.0955 + (9.5634 x weight in kg) + (1.8496 x height in cm) – (4.6756 x age in years)
Thermic effect of food
The energy expenditure associated with food digestion and absorption
Daily caloric expenditure
The total number of calories an individual expends including their resting metabolic rate, activity level factor, and the thermic effect of food.
Activity level factor
Multipliers that reflect varying levels of activity.
Diet-induced thermogenesis
The thermic effect of macronutrient digestion and absorption.
Exercise activity thermogenesis
Energy expended as a result of planned, structured, and repetitive movement with the goal of improving or maintaining physical fitness.
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis
Energy expended as a result of any movements of the body that require energy. This includes all activities of daily living outside of planned and structured workouts.
Weight management
The physiological processes and techniques one uses to achieve or maintain a specific body weight.
