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Chemistry And Homeostasis > Movement Of Water, Solutes And Chemical Properties > Flashcards

Movement Of Water, Solutes And Chemical Properties Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

A phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

What does the cell membrane control?

A

The movement of substances in and out of the cell

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3
Q

Movement across the cell membrane is determined by? (5 points)

A
  • lipid solubility
  • size of the molecule
  • charge of the substance
  • presence in the channels and transporters
  • pressure
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4
Q

What is passive movement across a cell membrane?

A
  • Movement down a concentration gradient, charge or pressure gradient (high to low).
  • no energy expended
    ( simple diffusion and osmosis)
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5
Q

What is active movement across a cell membrane?

A
  • movement against a concentration, charge or pressure gradient (low to high)
  • uses energy
    ( active transport)
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6
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Solutions with the same electrolyte concentration as plasma/blood

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7
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

Solution that contains less electrolytes than the cell

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8
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

Solution contains more electrolytes than the cell

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9
Q

What is the normal shape of a red blood cell?

A

Bi-concave disc, shape is important for carrying oxygen

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10
Q

What happens when a solution is hypertonic?

A

Water moves out of the cell towards the salty solution

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11
Q

What is crenation?

A

Blood vessels appear shrunk and spiky in a hypertonic solution

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12
Q

What happens to blood cells in a hypotonic solution?

A

Blood cells lose bi-concave shape and increase in volume

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13
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

The increase in volume of a cell to the point of lysis (bursting)

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14
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • movement of a solute (solvent level remains the same)

The net passive movement of molecules or particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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15
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • movement of a solvent (solvent level changes as it moves to a higher solute area)
    A process by which molecules of a solvent (water) tend to pass through a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
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16
Q

What is the total body water % of adult weight?

A

55-60%

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17
Q

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)? ( 3 points)

A
  • 2/3 of total body water
  • inside cells
  • rich in potassium, amino acids and proteins
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18
Q

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)? (5 points)

A
  • 1/3 of total body fluid
  • outside cells
  • 10L is interstitial fluid
  • 4L is plasma
  • rich in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate
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19
Q

What is interstitial fluid (IF)?

A

The main component of ECF, found between cells

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20
Q

What are the 3 components of ECF?

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • plasma
  • trans cellular fluid
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21
Q

What is flow rate?

A

The volume of a fluid that passes a point in any given time period (how fast is the liquid flowing)

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22
Q

Flow rate is affected by? (7 points)

A
  • initial pressure difference
  • fluid viscosity
  • fluid velocity
  • length if the vessel
  • diameter Of the vessel
  • type of flow
  • walls of the vessel
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23
Q

Velocity and pressure?

A

Higher velocities result in larger pressure drops

Lower velocities result in lower pressure drops

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24
Q

Viscosity and pressure?

A

The higher the viscosity (thickness) the higher the resistance which means the more pressure required to move the liquid

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25
Q

Tube length and pressure?

A

The longer the tube, the greater the resistance and the lower the flow

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26
Q

Tube diameter and pressure?

A

Small changes in tube diameter will make a big change in flow rate, the bigger the tube the bigger the flow rate

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27
Q

What are the two types of flow?

A

Laminar and turbulent

28
Q

What is laminar flow?

A
  • streamlined

- fluid flows in parallel lines

29
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Recirculation, eddies (swirling and reversal of flow), happens when tube has restrictions, roughend surfaces and obstructions

30
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A
  • plaque in the veins
  • blood flow decreases
  • body tries to maintain blood flow by increasing blood pressure
  • heart has to work harder to achieve this
31
Q

What 3 factors increase blood pressure?

A
  • peripheral resistance (related to vessel diameter)
  • blood volume (more blood volume increases pressure)
  • cardiac output (amount of blood pumping out of your heart per minute)
32
Q

What affects peripheral resistance?

A
  • viscosity
  • restricted blood vessels
  • blood volume reduction
33
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

A measure of a solute concentration, the overall concentration of all the solutes in a solution

34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of solute particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

35
Q

How is a semi-permeable membrane selective?

A

It has pores of a certain size allowing only smaller particles to diffuse through it

36
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of a solvent (usually water) from an area of high solvent concentration to an area of low solvent concentration ie. higher solute concentration

37
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

Movement of solvent molecules from an area of high solvent concentration, through a semi permeable membrane, to an area of low solvent concentration

38
Q

What are the factors influencing diffusion in a semi-permeable membrane? (6 points)

A
  • the bigger the surface area of the membrane the faster diffusion can happen
  • the smaller the particle size the faster the diffusion
  • the higher the temperature the faster the diffusion
  • the concentration gradient (the higher the disparity the faster the movement)
  • electrostatic charges (of particles on either side), if high levels of opposing particles on each side diffusion will be faster
  • hydrostatic pressure
39
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

Finest blood vessels - 5-10 micrometres

40
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells with no supporting lining

41
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Transport oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and take away waste product

42
Q

What are the types of capillaries?

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated (have pores known as fenestrae in them)
  • sinusoidal
43
Q

Which organs have fenestrated capillaries?

A

Liver, kidneys, small intestine. Found in areas that require a lot of exchange between blood and tissues

44
Q

What is paracellular movement?

A

Between the cells

45
Q

What is transcellular movement?

A

Through the cell walls

46
Q

Why is blood flow in the capillaries slow?

A

To allow for diffusion

47
Q

What are the two processes for movement of water through a cell membrane?

A
  • osmosis

- bulk flow

48
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

The movement of fluid through the cell membrane via aquaporins

49
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Proteins that serve as a water pipe across the membrane

50
Q

A cell membrane is a bilayer of?

A

Phospholipids with their charges arranged outwards and inwards

51
Q

Osmosis occurs?

A

Through the membrane

52
Q

Bulk flow occurs?

A

Through aquaporins across the membrane

53
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure needed to stop the flow of solvent molecules.

The greater the concentration of solutes in the solution, the greater the pressure required to stop the net movement

54
Q

Diffusion = ?

A

Movement if solute - solvent (water) level remains the same

55
Q

Osmosis = ?

A

Movement of solvent - solvent level changes as it moves to higher solute area

56
Q

Diffusion and osmosis are require?

A

No energy, they are baseline. Occur whenever chemical gradients are present (in every cell)

57
Q

What is the sodium - potassium pump? (3 points)

A
  • Maintains chemical gradient of the cell, uses ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions.
  • the basis for nerve firing in nerve cells
  • helps regulate cell volume (by osmosis, water following dissolved salts)
58
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The effect of a solution to change the shape of a cell

59
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Solution with the same solute concentration as another solution

60
Q

What is hypotonic?

A
  • solution contains less electrolytes than the cells

- causes cells to swell (up to 1 1/2 times their size) and eventually rupture

61
Q

What is hypertonic?

A
  • solution contains more electrolytes than the cell

- causes cells to loose water to the solution and shrivel up

62
Q

What is crenation?

A

The shrivelling of a cell in a hypertonic solution

63
Q

What is dialysis?

A
  • exchange of solutes and water across a membrane between blood and a dialysing solution
  • seperates small ions and molecules (urea) from larger molecules (proteins and red blood cells)
  • treatment for kidney failure
64
Q

What is haemodialysis?

A
  • blood removed from circulation to an artificial kidney and back again
  • solution in the artificial kidney is isotonic with blood, has a concentration gradient for waste product (urea) to be filtered out
65
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Peritoneum (in the stomach) serves as the dialysis membrane, blood stays in the body.

Chemistry And Homeostasis (7 decks)

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