Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry And Homeostasis > Movement Of Water, Solutes And Chemical Properties > Flashcards

Movement Of Water, Solutes And Chemical Properties Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

A phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the cell membrane control?

A

The movement of substances in and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Movement across the cell membrane is determined by? (5 points)

A
  • lipid solubility
  • size of the molecule
  • charge of the substance
  • presence in the channels and transporters
  • pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is passive movement across a cell membrane?

A
  • Movement down a concentration gradient, charge or pressure gradient (high to low).
  • no energy expended
    ( simple diffusion and osmosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is active movement across a cell membrane?

A
  • movement against a concentration, charge or pressure gradient (low to high)
  • uses energy
    ( active transport)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Solutions with the same electrolyte concentration as plasma/blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

Solution that contains less electrolytes than the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

Solution contains more electrolytes than the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the normal shape of a red blood cell?

A

Bi-concave disc, shape is important for carrying oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when a solution is hypertonic?

A

Water moves out of the cell towards the salty solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is crenation?

A

Blood vessels appear shrunk and spiky in a hypertonic solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to blood cells in a hypotonic solution?

A

Blood cells lose bi-concave shape and increase in volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

The increase in volume of a cell to the point of lysis (bursting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • movement of a solute (solvent level remains the same)

The net passive movement of molecules or particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • movement of a solvent (solvent level changes as it moves to a higher solute area)
    A process by which molecules of a solvent (water) tend to pass through a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the total body water % of adult weight?

A

55-60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)? ( 3 points)

A
  • 2/3 of total body water
  • inside cells
  • rich in potassium, amino acids and proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)? (5 points)

A
  • 1/3 of total body fluid
  • outside cells
  • 10L is interstitial fluid
  • 4L is plasma
  • rich in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is interstitial fluid (IF)?

A

The main component of ECF, found between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 components of ECF?

A
  • interstitial fluid
  • plasma
  • trans cellular fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is flow rate?

A

The volume of a fluid that passes a point in any given time period (how fast is the liquid flowing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Flow rate is affected by? (7 points)

A
  • initial pressure difference
  • fluid viscosity
  • fluid velocity
  • length if the vessel
  • diameter Of the vessel
  • type of flow
  • walls of the vessel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Velocity and pressure?

A

Higher velocities result in larger pressure drops

Lower velocities result in lower pressure drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Viscosity and pressure?

A

The higher the viscosity (thickness) the higher the resistance which means the more pressure required to move the liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tube length and pressure?

A

The longer the tube, the greater the resistance and the lower the flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tube diameter and pressure?

A

Small changes in tube diameter will make a big change in flow rate, the bigger the tube the bigger the flow rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two types of flow?

A

Laminar and turbulent

28
Q

What is laminar flow?

A
  • streamlined

- fluid flows in parallel lines

29
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Recirculation, eddies (swirling and reversal of flow), happens when tube has restrictions, roughend surfaces and obstructions

30
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A
  • plaque in the veins
  • blood flow decreases
  • body tries to maintain blood flow by increasing blood pressure
  • heart has to work harder to achieve this
31
Q

What 3 factors increase blood pressure?

A
  • peripheral resistance (related to vessel diameter)
  • blood volume (more blood volume increases pressure)
  • cardiac output (amount of blood pumping out of your heart per minute)
32
Q

What affects peripheral resistance?

A
  • viscosity
  • restricted blood vessels
  • blood volume reduction
33
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

A measure of a solute concentration, the overall concentration of all the solutes in a solution

34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of solute particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

35
Q

How is a semi-permeable membrane selective?

A

It has pores of a certain size allowing only smaller particles to diffuse through it

36
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of a solvent (usually water) from an area of high solvent concentration to an area of low solvent concentration ie. higher solute concentration

37
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

Movement of solvent molecules from an area of high solvent concentration, through a semi permeable membrane, to an area of low solvent concentration

38
Q

What are the factors influencing diffusion in a semi-permeable membrane? (6 points)

A
  • the bigger the surface area of the membrane the faster diffusion can happen
  • the smaller the particle size the faster the diffusion
  • the higher the temperature the faster the diffusion
  • the concentration gradient (the higher the disparity the faster the movement)
  • electrostatic charges (of particles on either side), if high levels of opposing particles on each side diffusion will be faster
  • hydrostatic pressure
39
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

Finest blood vessels - 5-10 micrometres

40
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

A single layer of endothelial cells with no supporting lining

41
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Transport oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and take away waste product

42
Q

What are the types of capillaries?

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated (have pores known as fenestrae in them)
  • sinusoidal
43
Q

Which organs have fenestrated capillaries?

A

Liver, kidneys, small intestine. Found in areas that require a lot of exchange between blood and tissues

44
Q

What is paracellular movement?

A

Between the cells

45
Q

What is transcellular movement?

A

Through the cell walls

46
Q

Why is blood flow in the capillaries slow?

A

To allow for diffusion

47
Q

What are the two processes for movement of water through a cell membrane?

A
  • osmosis

- bulk flow

48
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

The movement of fluid through the cell membrane via aquaporins

49
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Proteins that serve as a water pipe across the membrane

50
Q

A cell membrane is a bilayer of?

A

Phospholipids with their charges arranged outwards and inwards

51
Q

Osmosis occurs?

A

Through the membrane

52
Q

Bulk flow occurs?

A

Through aquaporins across the membrane

53
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure needed to stop the flow of solvent molecules.

The greater the concentration of solutes in the solution, the greater the pressure required to stop the net movement

54
Q

Diffusion = ?

A

Movement if solute - solvent (water) level remains the same

55
Q

Osmosis = ?

A

Movement of solvent - solvent level changes as it moves to higher solute area

56
Q

Diffusion and osmosis are require?

A

No energy, they are baseline. Occur whenever chemical gradients are present (in every cell)

57
Q

What is the sodium - potassium pump? (3 points)

A
  • Maintains chemical gradient of the cell, uses ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions.
  • the basis for nerve firing in nerve cells
  • helps regulate cell volume (by osmosis, water following dissolved salts)
58
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The effect of a solution to change the shape of a cell

59
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Solution with the same solute concentration as another solution

60
Q

What is hypotonic?

A
  • solution contains less electrolytes than the cells

- causes cells to swell (up to 1 1/2 times their size) and eventually rupture

61
Q

What is hypertonic?

A
  • solution contains more electrolytes than the cell

- causes cells to loose water to the solution and shrivel up

62
Q

What is crenation?

A

The shrivelling of a cell in a hypertonic solution

63
Q

What is dialysis?

A
  • exchange of solutes and water across a membrane between blood and a dialysing solution
  • seperates small ions and molecules (urea) from larger molecules (proteins and red blood cells)
  • treatment for kidney failure
64
Q

What is haemodialysis?

A
  • blood removed from circulation to an artificial kidney and back again
  • solution in the artificial kidney is isotonic with blood, has a concentration gradient for waste product (urea) to be filtered out
65
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Peritoneum (in the stomach) serves as the dialysis membrane, blood stays in the body.

Chemistry And Homeostasis (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions