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Chemistry And Homeostasis > Chemical World > Flashcards

Chemical World Flashcards

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1
Q

Matter….(3 points)?

A
  • occupies space
  • has mass
  • mainly composed of atoms
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2
Q

3 physical states of matter?

A
  • gas
  • liquid
  • solid
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3
Q

Energy….(4 points)?

A
  • does not take up space
  • has no mass
  • can be measured by its effect on matter ‘capacity to do work or put matter into motion’
  • comes in a range of forms
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4
Q

How can you transform matter from one state to another?

A

By adding or subtracting heat

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5
Q

What are elements?

A

Substances made up of atoms which cannot be readily broken down into simpler substances eg. Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon

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6
Q

What are molecules?

A

Two or more atoms joined together

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7
Q

What is a chemical compound?

A

Is a molecule made of atoms from different elements eg. Water, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride

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8
Q

How many elements in the periodic table?

A

92

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9
Q

Atoms are made of?

A
  • protons (+ve charge)
  • neutrons (neutral, keep a nucleus stable when multiple protons)
  • electrons (-ve charge)
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10
Q

What is in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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11
Q

Where are the electrons?

A

Arranged in shells around the nucleus

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12
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

The number of protons in an atom

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13
Q

What is the atomic weight?

A

Total number of protons and neutrons

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14
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Variations in the number of neutrons held in the nucleus of an atom

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15
Q

Isotopes can be…(3 points)?

A
  • stable (effectively last forever)

- unstable Or radioactive (break down at varying rates)

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16
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or compound that has gained or lost electrons to give it an overall positive or negative charge

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17
Q

What is a cation?

A

An atom that loses an electron to become positively charged, fewer electrons than protons

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18
Q

Icons readily…..?

A

Dissolve in water

19
Q

Key cations in the human body? (5 points)

A
  • sodium ion Na+
  • potassium ion K+
  • calcium ion Ca2+
  • magnesium ion Mg2+
  • hydrogen ion H+
20
Q

What are anions?

A

Atoms of compounds that gain electrons to become negatively charged, fewer protons than electrons

21
Q

Key anions in the human body are? (3 points)

A
  • chloride ion Cl-
  • bicarbonate ion HCO3-
  • phosphate ion PO43-
22
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Chemical bond formed between oppositely charged ions, electrons are completely transferred from one ion to another

23
Q

Ionic bonds happen between?

A

Metals and non metals so that all atoms have full charges

24
Q

Ionic compounds as solids? (3 points)

A
  • form stable crystal lattices
  • have high melting points
  • tend to dissolve in water
25
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Are positively and negatively charged ions found within the body’s cells and extra cellular fluids

26
Q

Common electrolytes in the body? (3 points)

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • potassium
27
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Chemical bonds formed by atoms that share their electrons to form full outer shells

28
Q

What causes the bond?

A

Added electron density in the middle causes the two positive nuclei to draw together

29
Q

Covalent bonds are…..?

A

Strong, the more electron density in the middle the stronger the bond

30
Q

Single, double and triple covalent bonds are?

A
  • 2 shared electrons
  • 4 shared electrons
  • 6 shared electrons
31
Q

What are covalent compounds?

A
  • a molecule formed by covalent bonds

- generally results from 2 non metals reacting with each other

32
Q

Covalent compound characteristics? (3 points)

A
  • lower melting points than ionic ocmpounds
  • include organic compounds in general ie. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
  • include some very large molecules such as proteins
33
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A
  • weaker type of bonding

- an attraction between the positive and negative poles of charged atoms

34
Q

What are the three classifications of chemical compounds?

A
  • organic
  • inorganic
  • organometallic
35
Q

Characteristics of organic compounds? (7 points)

A
  • contain both C and H
  • many atoms per molecule
  • often complex structures
  • made using (non-polar) covalent bonds
  • non-electrolytes
  • low melting points (<300)
  • combustible
36
Q

Characteristics of inorganic compounds? (6 points)

A
  • may contain C or H, or neither, but never both
  • few atoms per molecule
  • ionic or polar covalent bonds
  • electrolytes (conduct electricity)
  • high melting point (>300)
  • non-combustible
37
Q

Examples of organic compounds? (4 points)

A
  • glucose
  • protein
  • DNA
  • alcohol
38
Q

Examples of inorganic compounds? (3 points)

A
  • water
  • carbon
  • salt
39
Q

What are functional groups?

A

A group of atoms whose bonding is the same from molecule to molecule, molecules with identical functional groups tend to have similar chemical and physical properties

40
Q

Hydroxyl functional group (-OH) occurs in?

A
  • sugars

- alcohols

41
Q

Methyl functional group (-CH3) occurs in?

A
  • fats and oils
  • steroids
  • amino acids
42
Q

Carboxyl functional group (-COOH) occurs in?

A
  • amino acids
  • sugars
  • proteins
43
Q

Amino functional groups (-NH2) occurs in?

A
  • amino acids

- proteins

44
Q

Phosphate functional group (-H2PO4) occurs in?

A
  • nucleic acid

- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Chemistry And Homeostasis (7 decks)

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