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Biology > Movement Of Substances > Flashcards

Movement Of Substances Flashcards

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1
Q

How does distance affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of the cells?

A

-The shorter the diffusion distance the faster the rate of diffusion will be. -Many surfaces in our body are relatively thin which allows diffusion to occur as efficiently as possible.
-This is why blood capillaries and alveoli have walls which are only one cell thick, ensure the rate of diffusion across them is as fast as possible

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2
Q

How does concentration gradient affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of the cells?

A

-As concentration gradient increases, the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells will increase
-because a stronger concentration gradient is present, hence increasing the rate of movement of substance

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3
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of the cells?

A

-As the surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) increases, the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells will increase
-because there is a larger surface area in which substances can move through, (hence increasing the rate of movement of substance)

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4
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of the cells?

A

As temperature increases, the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells will increase
-because particles gain more kinetic energy and so will move faster (hence increasing the rate of movement of substance)

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5
Q

How is water absorbed by root hair cells?

A

adapted to absorb water and minerals from the soil
-They have a large SA
-Mitochondria release energy for active transport

-Minerals absorbed by active transport, lowering the WP of root hair cells
-Water enters root hair cells down a water potential gradient, by osmosis

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6
Q

Explain how a root hair cell carries out its function

A

-Mineral ions are taken up by active transport
-The water potential inside the root hair cell decreases
-Water enters the root hair cell by osmosis

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7
Q

Describe how water is lost from a plant by transpiration? (3)

A

-Water evaporates
-From the surface of mesophyll cells (in the leaf)
-Into the air spaces (in the leaf)
-Water vapour diffuses out the leaf
-Through the stomata

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8
Q

What is water needed in the leaves for?

A

-Photosynthesis
-Transport of mineral ions
-Structural support

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9
Q

How is the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in wind speed?

A

More- good airflow removes water vapour from the air surrounding the leaf
-sets up a concentration gradient between the leaf and the air, -increasing water loss

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10
Q

How is the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in temperature?

A

Less - humidity is a measure of moisture (water vapour) in the air; -when the air is saturated with water vapour
-concentration gradient is weaker so less water is lost

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11
Q

How is the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in light intensity?

A

More - guard cells are responsive to Light intensity
-when it is high they are turgid
-the stomata open allowing water to be lost

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12
Q

How is the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in humidity?

A

Less - humidity is a measure of moisture (water vapour) in the air
-when the air is saturated with water vapour
-the concentration gradient is weaker so less water is lost

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13
Q

Describe two effects that the accumulation of waste products would have on cells. (2)

A

-Waste products would be toxic to cells/would denature enzymes
-Waste products would cause water to move out of cells by osmosis
-Waste products would take up storage space inside cells

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14
Q

What are the excretory products of the lungs?

A

-Lung excreted carbon dioxide
-as a waste product of aerobic respiration via exhalation

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15
Q

What are the excretory products of the kidney?

A

-Kidney excretes excess water, salts and urea
-by producing urine via osmoregulation

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16
Q

What are the excretory products of the skin?

A

-Skin excretes excess water and salts
-Through sweat glands of skin by producing sweat

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17
Q

What are the two main functions of the kidney?

A

-They regulate the water content of the blood (vital for maintaining blood pressure)
-They excrete the toxic waste products of metabolism (such as urea) and substances in excess of requirements (such as salts)

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18
Q

How does the kidney carry out its roles of excretion?

A
  • Renal Artery carries oxygenated blood to Glomerulus in Bowman’s Capsule at high pressure
  • High pressure due to wider afferent arteriole and narrow efferent arteriole
  • Blood filtered at high pressure produces Glomerular Filtrate: water, glucose, salts, urea
  • Proteins and red blood cells too large to filter through base membrane, remain in blood
  • Glomerular Filtrate enters Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), where glucose selectively reabsorbed
  • Remaining filtrate moves to Collecting Duct, where water reabsorbed based on ADH levels
  • Excess water, salts, and urea form urine
  • Urine transported via ureter to bladder for storage and excretion
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19
Q

What are the key functions of the urinary system?

A

-Filter and remove waste products
-Control water levels

20
Q

Describe the structure of the Bowman’s capsule

A
  • Cup-shaped sac collects Glomerular Filtrate
  • Filtrate enters tubules for filtration
21
Q

Describe the structure of the glomerulus

A
  • Tuft of capillaries filters blood under high pressure
  • Produces Glomerular Filtrate: water, glucose, salts, urea
22
Q

Describe the structure of the convoluted tubules

A
  • Nephron section: Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  • Purpose: Selective reabsorption of glucose into blood capillaries
23
Q

Describe the structure of the loop of Henle

A
  • U-shaped nephron section regulates body water concentration
  • Filters out salts for homeostasis
24
Q

Describe the structure of the collecting duct

A
  • Long, narrow tube
  • Reabsorbs water
  • Maintains water balance
  • ADH levels regulate process
25
Q

Describe the process taking place in the glomerulus (2)

A

-Small molecules are forced out of the capillaries (of the glomerulus) into the Bowman’s capsule
-Due to the high pressure in the capillaries (of the glomerulus)
-During the process of ultrafiltration

26
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

-Occurs between the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
-High pressure created by: blood from renal artery, narrowing of capillaries in glomerulus
-Filtrate is formed when small molecules are forced into the Bowman’s capsule

27
Q

What are the components of the filtrate?

A

-WATER reabsorbed at loop of henle and collecting duct
-SALTS reabsorbed at loop of henle
-GLUCOSE reabsorbed at proximal convoluted tube (PCT)
-UREA is not reabsorbed

28
Q

Complete the following sentences on the reabsorption of glucose:
As the filtrate moves through the —————-, glucose is reabsorbed by ————–. The cells are adapted for this process by containing many ———- where energy is released. (3)

A

As the filtrate moves through the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, glucose is reabsorbed by ACTIVE TRANSPORT. The cells are adapted for this process by containing many MITOCHONDRIA where energy is released.

29
Q

What does glucose in the urine indicate?

A

Indicated conditions such as diabetes.

30
Q

Explain free water molecules

A

When the sugar dissolves water molecules are attracted to the sugar molecules. These water molecules are now not considered free.

31
Q

Explain a partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane that only allows certain particles through. The free water molecules can move through however the sugar-water complexes are too big.
E.g. There are 22 free water molecules on the left and 10 free water molecules on the right. So the overall movement of water will be towards the right hand side. (Overall movement as particles move randomly, in all directions.)

32
Q

Water potential in cells

A

A measure of the concentration of free water molecules in a solution.

-Pure water has a water potential of zero.
-As solute is added, WP falls as there will be a lower conc of free water molecules.
-Conc solutions have a very LWP

33
Q

Why do animals and plant cells react diffferently when being placed in different concentrations?

A

Plant cells have a cell walk which can withstand a large amount of water pressure

34
Q

Isotonic solution

A

-The solution outside the cell has the same WP as inside the cell- no net movement

35
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

-The solution outside the cell has a higher WP then inside the cell- net movement of free water molecules into the cell

36
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

-The solution outside the cell has a lower WP then inside the cell- net movement of free water molecules out of the cell

37
Q

Why do plants wilt?

A

There is not enough water to fill their cells + so the cytoplasm shrinks from the cell wall

38
Q

Animal cell in hypotonic solution

A

Lysed

39
Q

Animal cell in isotonic solution

A

Normal

40
Q

Animal cell in hypertonic solution

A

Shriveled

41
Q

Plant cell in hypotonic solution

A

Turgid (normal)

42
Q

Plant cell in isotonic solution

A

Flaccid

43
Q

Plant cell in hypertonic solution

A

Plasmolyzed

44
Q

Visking tubing

A

Only allows small soluble molecules to pass through through, so osmosis can occur

45
Q

Onion cells- turgid

A

Soaked in pure water

46
Q

Onion cells- turgid

A

Soaked in pure water

47
Q

Onion cells- plasmolysed

A

Have been soaked in a concentrated salt or sugar solution

Biology (13 decks)

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