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Biology > Energy For Life > Flashcards

Energy For Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does varying carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

CARBON DIOXIDE IS A REACTANT
-insufficient/no co2- plant will not be able to photosynthesis to its full potential
-when the concentration of co2 increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases

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2
Q

How does varying light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

-low light intensity- low photosynthesis rate, because the energy that the light provides is less, so the reaction is slowed down
-when light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases

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3
Q

How does varying temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

-low/colder temperatures- photosynthesis rate will decrease
-when temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases
-but if the temperature is too high, ENZYMES DENATURE (active site changes shape- no longer complementary to its substrate) so the plant will not be able to photosynthesise

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4
Q

Why do plants need magnesium ions and what happens when its deficient?

A

-Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll
-Deficiency causes yellowing between veins of leaves

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5
Q

Why do plants need nitrate ions and what happens when its deficient?

A

-Nitrates are a source of nitrogen needed to make amino acids to build proteins
-Deficiency causes stunted growth and yellowing of leaves

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6
Q

What food groups are key in a balanced diet?

A

-carbohydrates
-proteins
-lipids
-vitamins
-minerals
-water
-(dietary) fibre

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7
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of carbohydrates?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Source of energy
-SOURCES: Bread, Cereals, Pasta, Rice, Potatoes
-DEFICIENCY: Lack of energy

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8
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of proteins?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Growth and repair
-SOURCES: Meat, Fish, Eggs, Pulses, Nuts
-DEFICIENCY: Poor growth

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9
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of lipids?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Insulation and energy storage
-SOURCES: Butter, Oil, Nuts
-DEFICIENCY: Skin problems

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10
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of dietary fibre?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Provides bulk (roughage) for the intestine to push through it
-SOURCES: Vegetables, Whole grains
-DEFICIENCY: Constipation

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11
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of Vitamin A?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Healthy eyesight
-SOURCES: Meat, Liver, Dairy, Leafy Green vegetables (e.g. spinach), eggs,Carrots
-DEFICIENCY: Night blindness

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12
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of Vitamin C?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Heals wounds and rebuilds tissue
-SOURCES: Lemon, Citrus fruit, Strawberries
-DEFICIENCY: Scurvy

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13
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of Vitamin D?

A

-FUNCTION: Strengthens teeth and bones
-SOURCES: Oily fish, Dairy products, Sunlight
-DEFICIENCY: Rickets

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14
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of iron?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Needed to make haemoglobin
-SOURCES: Red meat, Liver, Spinach
-DEFICIENCY: Anaemia

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15
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of calcium?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Strengthens teeth and bones
-SOURCES: Milk, cheese, eggs
-DEFICIENCY: Osteoporosis

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16
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of water?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Allows chemical reactions to occur
-SOURCES: Cucumber, Strawberries
-DEFICIENCY: Dehydration

17
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis importance in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy?

A

-process in which energy from the sunlight is used to create glucose
-light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in plants
-used to convert CO2 (from air) & H2O (from ground) into glucose
-used for respiration (O2 is a by product of this process)
-uses light energy from sun to create chemical energy
-conserves energy from the sun

18
Q

How is food moved through the gut by peristalsis?
MIOCABTPFDTO
MWTTPWLC
THASATPTBTG

A

-The muscles in the oesophagus contract above the bolus to push food down the oesophagus
-The muscles work together to produce wave-like contractions.
-These have a squeezing action that pushes the bolus through the gut.

19
Q

How do energy requirements vary with age?

A

-Young people need more energy requirements
-As it is used for growth and muscle development

20
Q

How do energy requirements vary with activity levels?
PMA,MER
MMC
RMRAINME

A

-When a person is more active there is more energy required
-As there are more muscle contractions
-Which requires more respiration as it needs more energy

21
Q

How do energy requirements vary with pregnancy?

A

-Energy requirements increase as energy is needed to support foetus
-And to support the larger mass the mother needs to carry

22
Q

What is the role of maltase?

A

Maltase then breaks down maltose into glucose

23
Q

What is the role of protease?

A

Proteases are a group of enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids

24
Q

What is the role of lipases?

A

Lipases are enzymes that break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids

25
Q

Where are proteases made and what is their role?

A

Proteases made in the pancreas and small intestine break the peptides into amino acids

26
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

-Alkaline substance produced in the Liver
-Before being released into the small intestine bile is stored in the gallbladder

27
Q

What are the two main roles of bile?

A

-Neutralises stomach acid
-Emulsifies lipids

28
Q

The epithelial cells of the small intestine contain many mitochondria.
Explain a reason for this (2)

A

• Mitochondria is the site of (aerobic) respiration
• This releases energy / produces A TP
• For active transport (of digested food molecules)

29
Q

How is the structure of a leaf adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-Leaf has a large SA & is thin (to maximise absorption of sunlight by the photosynthetic cells. Increases number of stomata, so that CO2 can diffuse quicker)
-Upper epidermis is transparent (allowing the light to penetrate to the mesophyll)
-Palisade cells are long, thin, & tightly packed. Contain large numbers of chloroplasts. (Maximises the absorption of sunlight energy. Palisade mesophyll is the main site of photosynthesis)
-Stomata (allow gases to diffuse into the air spaces of the leaf & provides short diffusion distance for carbon dioxide.
-Xylem transports water absorbed in the roots into the leaves. (provides short diffusion distance for water to diffuse into the photosynthesising cells)
-Phloem vessels transport sugars (made in photosynthesis to other parts of the plant)

Biology (17 decks)

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