Movement and Sensation

Question 1

What are the three stages to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 1

Integration, coordination and response
(Am I hungry? -> cravings for type of food -> order some)

Question 2

What does the CNS consist of?

Answer 2

Brain
Spinal Cord
(Both composed of neurons and glia)

Question 3

What does the PNS consist of?

Answer 3

Peripheral nerves
Ganglia
(Both composed of neurons and glia)

Question 4

What are the 2 general features of neurons?

Answer 4

1. Cell specialised for transmission of information
2. Four morphological types

Question 5

What are the 3 general features of glia?

Answer 5

1. Support for neurons
2. Five basic types
3. Each type has a specific function

Question 6

What are dendrites?

Answer 6

Part of the neuron that receives input and sends information to cell body

Question 7

What are cell bodies?

Answer 7

Parts of neurons that contain nucleus and organelles
Sums input - holds information received from dendrites
Group of cell bodies is a nucleus

Question 8

What are axons?

Answer 8

Part of neurons that carry electrical impulses (action potentials)
May or may not be myelinated
Bundle of axons is a tract

Question 9

What are axon terminals?

Answer 9

Part of the neuron at ends of the axon which release neurotransmitters (passes information to where it needs to go)

Question 10

What is grey matter?

Answer 10

Group of cell bodies in cerebral cortex or spinal cord

Question 11

What is white matter?

Answer 11

Bundle of axons in cerebral cortex or spinal cord

Question 12

What is the input zone of a neuron?

Answer 12

Dendrites and cell bodies receive chemical signals from other neurons

Question 13

What is the summation zone of a neuron?

Answer 13

Axon hillock sums inputs before action potential

Question 14

What is the conduction zone in neurons?

Answer 14

Axons carry electrical signals between brain areas to and from spinal cord, or from peripheral sensory receptors and to effector cells

Question 15

What is the output zone in neurons?

Answer 15

Axon terminals that contact with input zone of other neurons or effectors and release neurotransmitters

Question 16

What is a multipolar neuron?

Answer 16

A neuron which has multiple dendrites and axons
Multiple processes emanate from the cell body

Question 17

What is a bipolar neuron?

Answer 17

Two processes emanate from the cell body

Question 18

What is a unipolar neuron?

Answer 18

One process emanates from the cell body, then branches into dendrite and axon

Question 19

What is an anaxonic neuron?

Answer 19

A neuron that has no distinct axon and where all processes look alike

Question 20

What are astrocytes?

Answer 20

They supply nutrients to neurons, ensheath blood capillaries and respond to injury

Question 21

What are microglia?

Answer 21

Immune cells of the CNS that engulf/remove microorganisms and debris
Very tiny cells

Question 22

What are ependymal cells?

Answer 22

Cells that line fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord that have cilia to circulate CSF

Question 23

What are oligodendeocytes?

Answer 23

Cells that support nerve fibres and ensheath them with myelin

Question 24

What are Schwann cells?

Answer 24

Cells that support peripheral nerve fibres and ensheath them with myelin (similar to oligodendrocytes)

Question 25

What is a myelin sheath?

Answer 25

Lipid wrapped around an axon that increases conduction velocity
In CNS comes from oligodendrocytes
In PNS comes from Schwann cells

Question 26

What are nodes of Ranvier?

Answer 26

Gaps between myelin that increase conduction velocity

Question 27

How does a synapse occur ?

Answer 27

Axon terminal releases neurotransmitter that contains synaptic vesicles —> synaptic cleft and are synapsed —> axon hillock where they are stored for next neurotransmitter release

Question 28

What does afferent mean?

Answer 28

Information that goes into the brain (ascending)
e.g. sensing something in the environment

Question 29

What does efferent mean?

Answer 29

Response that comes out of the brain (descending)
e.g. Respond to something with appropriate action