Innate Immunity

Question 1

What is blood composed of?

Answer 1

Plasma
Formed elements

Question 2

What are the three formed elements?

Answer 2

Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells

Question 3

What are bone marrow stem cells?

Answer 3

Source of blood cells
Pluripotent - meaning they have the potential to become many things

Question 4

What are the three blood cell lineages and what are they derived from?

Answer 4

Erythroid
Myeloid
Lymphoid
Derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 5

What is an erythroid?

Answer 5

Erythrocytes
Red blood cells

Question 6

What is a myeloid?

Answer 6

Granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets, innate immune cells
White blood cells

Question 7

What is a lymphoid?

Answer 7

B and T lymphocytes - adaptive immune cells
White blood cells

Question 8

What is a granulocyte?

Answer 8

They circulate in the blood and can move into tissue during inflammation

Question 9

What is a neutrophil?

Answer 9

75% of all leukocytes, highly phagocytic, numbers in blood increase during infection

Question 10

What are mast cells?

Answer 10

Granulocytes that line mucosal surfaces, release granules that attract white blood cells to areas of tissue damage

Question 11

What happens when monocytes are present in blood and once they leave?

Answer 11

When monocytes are present in blood there is low phagocytosis
When they leave they develop into macrophages in tissues

Question 12

What are the three important functions of macrophages?

Answer 12

Phagocytosis
Release of chemical messengers
Show information about pathogenic microbes to T cells

Question 13

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 13

They link innate and adaptive immune responses
They have a large SA so can interact with many cells at same time

Question 14

How do cells of the immune system move around the body?

Answer 14

Cells are carried in the blood and lymph and can leave to enter tissues
Lymph in tissues collects into lymphatic vessels which drain lymph into lymph notes

Question 15

What are the common building blocks of viruses?

Answer 15

Nucleic acids (ssRNA and dsRNA)
Immune system can recognise these and remove them as they are unusual building blocks

Question 16

What are the common building blocks of bacteria?

Answer 16

Cell wall : lipopolysacchaide (LPS)/endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid
Flagella : flagellin
Nucleic acid : unmethylated CpG DNA
LPS are recognised by innate immune cells

Question 17

What is a phagolysosome?

Answer 17

Membrane bound vesicle where pathogen is broken down and releases its nucleic acids, receptors can recognise these

Question 18

What are pattern recognition receptors?

Answer 18

Receptors that bind to components and can send signals to nucleus’s to change gene transcription to help kill the pathogen (upregulate) or support growth of pathogen (downregulate)

Question 19

What is IL-1?

Answer 19

Type of chemical messenger which increases when microbe is ingested

Question 20

What is a fever?

Answer 20

Abnormally high temperature, resetting of thermostat
Fevers reduce bacterial replication, inhibit and make unfavourable environment for our bacteria
Can increase our immune response

Question 21

What are pyrogens?

Answer 21

Sends signals to hypothalamus for body to change temp - released by cells in the immune system