Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

A

learning-based motor disability; marked by a significant delay in the acquisition of age-appropriate, motor-based skills; non-progressive

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2
Q

DCD critical feature for diagnosis:

A

child must demonstrate a marked impairment in the development of motor coordination that significantly interferes with academic achievement or ADLs.
physician must rule out other conditions

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3
Q

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

A

presents clinically with progressive muscle weakness, muscle atrophy; differentiated from MD by site of pathology and genetics

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4
Q

SMA Causes

A

genetically inherited degenerative disorders of the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord and motor cells of the cranial nuclei
inheritance pattern is autosomal recessive (male and female children affected equally; defective gene must be passed down by both parents)

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5
Q

Type I SMA

A

(acute infantile SMA or Werdnig-Hoffmann disease)
most rapidly progressive
onset prior to 6 months of age (can occur in utero)
marked hypotonia, unable to achieve independent sitting
Feeding and respiration are significantly affected
typically do not live beyond 2-3 years old death results from respiratory infection and/or compromise

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6
Q

Type II SMA

A

(chronic or intermediate SMA)
onset occurs in later infancy or early childhood
less severe symptoms
children are able to learn to sit/stand independently and may become ambulatory
no feeding difficulties
variable progression (may be periods of stability without further progression)
many survive until adulthood
Goals of intervention: prevention of contractures, maintenance of postural alignment

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7
Q

Type III SMA

A

(Kugelberg-Welander syndrome)
least progressive
onset between 5-15 years old
independent ambulation maintained well into adulthood, despite progressive muscle strength in BLE
variable progression
resembles DMD
Children and adolescents have difficulty ambulating, climbing stairs, rising from the floor

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8
Q

Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

A

presents clinically with progressive muscle weakness, muscle atrophy; differentiated from SMA by site of pathology and genetics; umbrella term for disorders in which there is a primary myopathy that results from the destruction of muscle fibers

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9
Q

MD classifications

A
Duchenne MD (DMD) is most common
Becker MD
Emery-Dreifuss MD
Congenital MDs
Facioscapulohumeral MD
Limb-girdle dystrophies
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10
Q

DMD symptoms

A

degenerative process affects smooth muscle of organs (e.g., heart, intestines) → eventually leads to premature death
Mild intellectual impairment in areas of verbal reasoning and verbal processing
Motor difficulties typically observed in preschool/early school years (e.g., frequent falling, waddling or -Trendelenburg gait, difficulty climbing stairs and rising from the floor (Gowers’ sign) most symptoms result from weak pelvic musculature
Lumbar lordosis becomes apparent over time as hip extensor muscles begin to weaken
Typical presentation: diminished deep tendon reflexes and generalized, symmetric muscle atrophy
Gastrocnemius muscles often become hypertrophied due to the infiltration of fat and connective tissue into the muscle
hypertrophy may lead to increased flexion of the knee and contractures of hamstrings
Contractures may occur in ankles and elbows By 7-10 years old, typically lose ability to ambulate and become w/c dependent
predisposes kids to scoliosis and foot deformities

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11
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

a protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in the vertebral arch occurs

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12
Q

Cycle of normative motor development

A
Selective voluntary movement/strength
Skill
Development of normal tone
Alignment, stability, symmetry, midline, dissociation of body parts, normal postural mechanism. 
Again
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13
Q

Characteristics of normal tone

A

Effective co-contraction in proximal joints (stability)
Able to maintain position of limb that is passively moved
Balanced tone between agonist and antagonist muscles
Shift from stability to mobility
Muscle groups used selectively or in groups

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14
Q

Damping

A

the little shaking or oscillation of movement. Can’t grade movement. Often when tired.

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15
Q

Stiffness

A

Ability to isometrically hold a position

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16
Q

Disassociation

A

Non-mirrored movement, use limb independently.

17
Q

Active firing

A

The amount of tension that is generated in our muscles as we prepare to move

18
Q

Types of abnormal muscle tone

A

Hypertonicty (Spasticity and rigidity)

Hypotonicity (flaccidity)

19
Q

Tone

A

Muscles in constant, involuntary contraction

20
Q

Control

A

Conscious decision

21
Q

The normal central postural control mechanism

A

produces postural control that provides an appropriate level of stability and mobility. –Ability to stand in midline and orientation in space.

22
Q

Components of control

A

integration of reflexes, righting reactions, voluntary movement

23
Q

Cycle of normal development

A

Normal tone, alignment/symmetry, posture, voluntary movement, skill

24
Q

Weight bearing is closed or open system?

A

Closed system

25
Q

Cycle of abnormal development

A

Abnormal tone, asymmetry, poor posture, minimal voluntary movement, poor motor skills

26
Q

Blocks

A
Neck hyperextension
Head and neck asymmetry
Scapular adduction—Don’t use upper extremity properly. Impacts coming to midline
 Scapulo-humeral tightness
Thoracic kyphosis--
Anterior pelvic tilt
Posterior pelvic tilt
27
Q

Conditions that affect motor development

A

CP, Spina bifida, MD, spinal muscular atrophy, DCD

28
Q

CP types

A

Spastic
Dyskinetic
Ataxic

29
Q

Spastic CP traits

A

Hypertonia

Hyperreflexia

30
Q

Diskinetic CP traits

A

Athetosis/chorea/dystonia

Usually hypotonic

31
Q

Ataxic CP traits

A

Hypotonic

uncoordinated and irregular movements

32
Q

Abnormal tone

A
Spasticity
Athetosis
Ataxia
Flaccidity
Mixed
33
Q

Distribution CP

A
Paraplegic
Quadriplegic
Hemiplegic
Triplegic
Monoplegic
Diplegia
34
Q

Secondary CP impairments

A
Contractures
Unsteady gait
Visual processing d/o
Bowel/bladder control
Breathing difficulty
Skin integrity
35
Q

Common reflexes CP

A

Neck–ATNR, STNR
Labyrienthine–TLR, Supine/prone
Associated–Associated tone