Mouth, Tongue, Sublingual Space

Question 1

What are the two cavities of the mouth?

Answer 1

The oral cavity proper and the oral vestibule

Question 2

What are the components of the oral vestibule?

Answer 2

Vestibular fornix, labial frenulum, and parotid papilla

Question 3

What are the components of the oral cavity proper?

Answer 3

Uvula, palatine tonsil, palatopharyngeal arch, palatoglossus arch, soft palate

Question 4

What are the outer borders of the mouth?

Answer 4

Philtrum, nasolabial grooves, labiomental groove

Question 5

What are the components of the lips?

Answer 5

Skin, vermillion border, transitional zone, and labial mucosa

Question 6

What are the three types of oral mucosa?

Answer 6

Lining mucosa, masticatory mucosa, and specialized mucosa

Question 7

What are the properties of lining mucosa?

Answer 7

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium (the unattached gingiva, found in labial/buccal mucosa, alveolar mucosa.

Question 8

What separates the lining mucosa from masticatory mucosa?

Answer 8

The mucogingival line

Question 9

What are the properties of masticatory mucosa?

Answer 9

Stratified squamous parakeratinized epithelium (attached gingiva or the gingiva proper), gingiva and hard palate

Question 10

What are the properties of specialized oral mucosa?

Answer 10

It is on the dorsal surface of the tongue and functions like a masticatory mucosa

Question 11

List oral mucosa by permability

Answer 11

sublingual > buccal > palatal (based on keratinization)

Question 12

Components of the floor of the mouth

Answer 12

submandibular glands, sublingual glands, lingual frenulum, plica sublingualis, Bartholin’s duct, wharton’s duct, deep lingual vein, lingual gingiva

Question 13

What does the submandibular gland empty through?

Answer 13

Wharton’s duct at sublingual papilla = sublingual punctum = sublingual caruncula

Question 14

What does the sublingual gland empty through?

Answer 14

Via Bartholin’s ducts, under a crest of mucosa (fold) called plica sublingualis

Question 15

What is ankyloglossia?

Answer 15

“Tongue-tied”, where tongue attachment to floor of mouth is continuous with lingual frenulum

Question 16

What nerves innervate the oral cavity?

Answer 16

CN V2 (for roof of the mouth), CN IX, CN X, CN VII

Question 17

Which muscles form the floor of the mouth?

Answer 17

Mylohyoid muscle and geniohyoid muscle

Question 18

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 18

Elevators of the hyoid during eating and swallowing. Mylohyoid, Digastric muscle, stylohyoid.

Question 19

What are the infrahyoids?

Answer 19

Muscles that pull down the hyoid during eating and speaking. Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, and sternohyoid.

Question 20

What are the three general parts of the tongue?

Answer 20

Body, root, apex. There is the dorsum as well, which is the top of the tongue.

Question 21

What are two muscle groups of the tongue?

Answer 21

Extrinsic and intrinsic muscle groups

Question 22

What are the extrinsic muscles?

Answer 22

Genioglossus (XII), Hyoglossus (XII), Palatoglossus (X - muscle of the palate), Styloglossus (XII)
These muscles allow the tongue to move in space and control the position.

Question 23

What are the intrinsic muscles?

Answer 23

Superior longitudinal - under dorsal mucosa (XII), Vertical - along lateral edges (XII), Inferior longitudinal - under ventral mucosa, Transverse - runs through the tongue. Facilitates changes in shape of the tongue.

Question 24

What is the function of the palatoglossus?

Answer 24

It pulls tongue and palate together to narrow the oropharyngeal isthmus.

Question 25

What is the function of the genioglossus?

Answer 25

It protrudes the tongue, bilaterally depresses, universally wags. Is fan shaped and has anterior attachments to the mandible and the hyoid. Also the largest muscle of the tongue.

Question 26

What is the function of the styloglossus?

Answer 26

Retrudes, elevates sides with genioglossus to form a trough during swallowing.

Question 27

What is the function of the hyoglossus?

Answer 27

depresses and retrudes the tongue.

Question 28

What innervates the muscles of the tongue?

Answer 28

CN XII - the Hypoglossus

Question 29

What are the functions of the longitudinal muscles?

Answer 29

They shorten the tongue. The superior longitudinal makes concave shape and flips the tongue up, and the inferior longitudinal makes a convex and flips the tongue down--attaches at side.

Question 30

What are the functions of the vertical muscles?

Answer 30

Flattens and broadens the tongue

Question 31

What are the functions of the transverse muscles?

Answer 31

Narrows and elongates the tongue for extension.

Question 32

What are the papillae of the tongue?

Answer 32

Circumvalate papillae, foliate papillae, filiform, and fungiform

Question 33

Discuss the circumvalate papillae

Answer 33

Located anterior the sulcus terminalis, "round valley" to clean out for tastes, has serous (von Ebner) glands, HAS TASTEBUDS

Question 34

Discuss the foliate papillae

Answer 34

Located posterior border of tongue, contain variable amounts of lymphoid tissue, HAS TASTEBUDS

Question 35

Discuss the filiform papillae

Answer 35

Numerous, general sensory, gives dorsum of tongue the texture, and is keratinized, NO TASTEBUDS

Question 36

Discuss the fungiform papillae

Answer 36

Fewer, at distal 2/3 of dorsal tongue, mushroom shaped, high individual variability, HAS TASTEBUDS

Question 37

What are taste buds?

Answer 37

Taste buds and taste receptor cells are clusters of 100 polarized neuroepithelial cells- TRC's have taste pores that allow saliva and food in

Question 38

What are the five basic qualities of taste?

Answer 38

Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami

Question 39

What are the taste cell types?

Answer 39

1: most-abundant, glial like, salt transduction 2: contain receptors for sweet, bitter, umami --known as receptor cells 3: least common, sour detectors, function as relay cells -- presynaptic cells

Question 40

What are the types of taste receptors?

Answer 40

Class 1 GPCRs - G Protein coupled: bitter Class III GPCRs: Sweet and Umami Ion Channels: salt and sour

Question 41

What is the motor innervation pathway of the tongue?

Answer 41

Medulla oblongata -> Hypoglossal canal -> Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) BUT: remember that palatoglossus receives motor innervation from the pharyngeal plexus

Question 42

What provides sensory innervation of the tongue?

Answer 42

V3 (Mandibular -> lingual nerve), VII (intermediate nerve--taste via chorda tympani and lingual nerve), IX (taste plus general sensation via lingual branches), X (internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve - innervates the pharynx)

Question 43

Describe the vascular pattern of the oral and pharyngeal region.

Answer 43

From the external carotid: ascending pharyngeal artery, lingual artery, and facial artery -> mental branch of inferior alveolar artery, superior and inferior labial artery

Question 44

Describe artery flow to the tongue

Answer 44

External carotid -> Lingual artery -> dorsal lingual arteries (provides posterior with blood supply), deep lingual artery (supplies body of the tongue), sublingual artery (supplies floor of the mouth)

Question 45

What vascularizes the body of the tongue?

Answer 45

Deep lingual artery and venae comitantes

Question 46

What are the two sides of the hyoglossus?

Answer 46

Superficial (between mylohyoid and hyoglossus) and Deep (between hyoglossus and genioglossus)

Question 47

What lies superficial to the hyoglossus?

Answer 47

lingual nerve, submandibular duct, hypoglossal nerve, and vena comitans of the hypoglossal

Question 48

What lies deep to the hyoglossus?

Answer 48

glossopharyngeal nerve and lingual artery