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BMS > Autonomics head + neck > Flashcards

Autonomics head + neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sjogren’s Syndrome?

A

Autoimmune disease: destruction of salivary glands, dysfunction of ANS can mimic

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2
Q

What is xerostomia?

A

decreased salivary production, hypofunction caused by radiation therapy, meth. Associated with bacterial decay of teeth and digestive dysfunction.

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3
Q

What is Horner’s Syndrome?

A

ANS injury causing a drooping eyelid, with decreased pupil size and decreased facial sweating.

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4
Q

What are the features of the ANS?

A

Mostly motor to glands and smooth muscles of viscera and blood vessels. Includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic (and enteric) divisions.

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5
Q

What are the PAS and SYM functions of smooth muscle?

A

PAS: Vasodilation
SYM: Vasoconstriction

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6
Q

What are the PAS and SYM functions of glands?

A

PAS: Serous
SYM: Mucous (more protein)

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7
Q

How is the parasympathetic system organized?

A

Long preganglionic, short postganglionic (near wall of organs or in ganglia near organs)

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8
Q

How is the sympathetic system organized?

A

Short preganglionic (synapse in the head), long postganglionic (in para or prevertebral ganglia)

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9
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglion originate?

A

Brainstem (CN III, VII, IX, X) and lateral horn of the spinal cord (S2-S4)

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10
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglion originate?

A

Lateral horn of spinal cord (T1-L2)

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11
Q

What are the four parasympathetic ganglia of the head?

A

Ciliary ganglion (orbit), Otic (near foramen ovale), Pterygopalatine (in PP fossa), and Submandibular (suspended from the lingual nerve - branch of the trigeminal)

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12
Q

What is the sympathetic ganglia of the head?

A

Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (part of the sympathetic chain)

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13
Q

How does generic ganglion structure of head and neck work?

A

PAS: Parasympathetic (from III, VII, IX, X) synapse in the ganglion.
SYM: innervation traveling from superior cervical ganglion travels through the ganglion.
SENSORY: various branches of the trigeminal nerve meet with the nerves at the ganglion and travel.
Postganglionics travel together from the ganglion to the target region.

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14
Q

What is the pathway of sympathetic innervation of the head?

A
  1. Preganglia from lateral horn of thoracic spinal cord (T1-L2) send out fibers
  2. Postganglia synapse at superior cervical ganglion
  3. Postganglia travel as plexus around carotid arteries
  4. Branches off branches of carotid arteries.
    Internal - Ciliary and Pterygopalatine
    External - Otic and Submandibular
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15
Q

Which nerves enter the ciliary ganglion?

A

Location: above nasociliary nerve in posterior orbit
PAS: Oculomotor/CN III
SYM: postganglionic from the internal carotid
SEN: Nasociliary branch of V1
branches into short (PAS) and long (SYM) ciliary nerves

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16
Q

What does the ciliary ganglion innervate? (what are the effectors)

A

Pierces sclera to innervate anterior eye: pupillary muscles (iris) and ciliary body (lens)
Pupil Diameter: PAS innervates circumferential sphincter to narrow the opening and regulates contraction.
Lens Accomodation: only PAS, allows for focus on a shorter distance by decreasing ligament length, decreasing tension on lens, and making rounded lens. Tonic tension on suspensory ligaments results in flattened lens for farther vision (longer focal distance).

17
Q

Which nerves enter the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Location: Suspended from V2 in PP fossa
PAS: Facial nerve VII
SYM: postganglionics running with internal carotid
SEN: V2

18
Q

How does the PAS nerves of the pterygopalatine ganglion distribute?

A

PREGANGLIONIC: Travel from facial nerve -> greater petrosal -> nerve of pterygoid canal/Vidian
POSTGANGLIONIC: joins zygomatic nerve (V2) then lacrimal nerve (V1)

19
Q

How does the SYM nerves of the PP ganglion distribute?

A

Ascend in carotid plexus -> form deep petrosal nerve (deep sympathy) -> join PAS in vidian nerve -> distributed in pharyngeal and palatine nerves

20
Q

What are the effectors of the PP ganglion?

A

Lacrimal gland, mucous membranes of nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and palate

21
Q

How does the nerves of the Submandibular ganglion distribute?

A

LOCATION: suspended from lingual nerve (V3)
PAS: VII -> chorda tympani
SYM: Via external carotid
SEN: V3 -> lingual nerve

22
Q

What are the effectors of the submandibular ganglion?

A

Submandibular and sublingual glands

23
Q

Sublingual glands are PAS or SYM?

A

SYM. it is mucous. Submandibular glands are both and thus have both PAS and SYM innervation.

24
Q

How does the nerves of the Otic ganglion distribute?

A

Location: Medial to V3, immediately below the foramen ovale
PAS: travels with IX -> tympanic nerve -> lesser petrosal -> Synapses to auriculotemporal branch (V3) -> to VII
SYM: travels w/ maxilary artery to innervate arterioles
SEN: V3

25
Q

What are the effectors of the otic ganglion?

A

Parotid gland

26
Q

Where does the vagus carry para preganglionic?

A

Effectors of neck, thorax, and abdomen

BMS (7 decks)

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