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EENT > Mouth & Throat > Flashcards

Mouth & Throat Flashcards

1
Q

Cheil

A

Lips

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2
Q

Stom or stoma

A

Mouth

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3
Q

Actinic

A

Sun

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4
Q

Angular stomatitis/cheilitis

A

Cracks, fissures at corner of mouth

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5
Q

In older adults (or anyone actually), angular stomatitis/cheilitis is often due to? Name 3

A
  1. B vitamin deficiency
  2. Iron deficiency anemia
  3. Malnutrition
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6
Q

Blotchy, mottled, swollen lips due to damage from chronic sun exposure

A

Actinic cheilitis

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7
Q

Why keep an eye on sun damaged lips?

A

Potential for cancer

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8
Q

Cold sores are due to an infection with ____

A

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1)

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9
Q

Small, painful, fluid-filled blisters near lips or around mouth

A

Cold sores

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10
Q

When are cold sores contagious?

A

When lesions are present (when you can see them!)

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11
Q

Stress, anxiety, sunlight, hormonal changes, exhaustion, infections in other parts of the body - are all triggers for this lip infection

A

HSV1 = cold sores

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12
Q

Name a few treatments for cold sores:

A
  • OTC ointments: topical lidocaine, benzyl alcohol (Zilactin)
  • Cold or warm compresses
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13
Q

Red, swollen tonsils, can have white patches. Sore throat, difficult/painful swallowing. Headache, fever/chills. ABDOMINAL PAIN in children.

A

Tonsillitis

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14
Q

Tonsillitis is most often due to ____ infection, but can be from ___ infection

A

Viral, bacterial

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15
Q

List two mouth/throat reasons to seek emergency care and why:

A
  1. Drooling
  2. Unable to swallow because of pain or swelling
    (May indicate epiglottitis, which can lead to asphyxia)
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16
Q

Tests for tonsillitis (2):

A
  1. Throat swab (check for strep)

2. CBC

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17
Q

A tonsillectomy is elected for kids who have what criteria? (3)

A
  1. 7+ infections in a year
  2. 5+ infections each year for two straight years
  3. 3+ infections/year for 3 straight years
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18
Q

Self care for tonsillitis? (Remember, most are viral)

A
  1. Gargle with warm salt water
  2. Drink soothing liquids
  3. When necessary, take acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain
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19
Q

Crevices in tonsils where food can become lodged, leading to infections

A

Tonsillar crypts

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20
Q

Sore, yellow-white, raised patches in mouth and throat due to proliferation of a fungus. Name fungus also

A

Oral thrush/candidiasis

—Candida albicans

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21
Q

Name a common cause of oral thrush/candidiasis. Hint: asthma

A

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)

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22
Q

In what two ways can someone reduce risk of thrush when using ICS’s?

A
  1. Use a spacer

2. Rinse mouth after using

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23
Q

Name an oral antifungal that can be used to treat thrush:

A

Nystatin

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24
Q

Another side effect of ICS’s is a change in the patient’s voice, and discomfort while talking. This is known as:

A

Dysphonia

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25
Q

A thickened, white plaque in the mouth, tongue, or gums. Usually not painful. Most are benign, but it IS the MC pre-cancerous growth in the mouth.

A

Leukoplakia

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26
Q

What is believed to cause most cases of leukoplakia?

A

Tobacco use (smoking or chewing)

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27
Q

Small yellow spots with red borders on soft tissues inside the mouth. Can be very painful. Not contagious. More common in women.

A

Canker sore

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29
Q

____ containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) can cause aphthous ulcers

A

Toothpastes

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30
Q

What nutritional supplements may help treat canker sores? (4)

A
  1. B complex
  2. Zinc
  3. Vitamin C
  4. Probiotics
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31
Q

A _____ is due to incomplete fusion of the hard and/or soft palate

A

Cleft palate

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32
Q

A bony growth on the hard palate

A

Torus palatinus (plural=palatini)

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33
Q

Prevalence of torus palatinus is __-__% of the population. Also name more common populations.

A

30-35%

Asian, Inuit, females

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34
Q

A bony growth on the mandible, on surface nearest to tongue. 90% of cases are bilateral. Prevalence is 7-10% of pop.

A

Torus madibularis

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35
Q

Surgery to fix a short (or improperly attached) frenulum?

A

Frenulectomy

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36
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) is commonly called ____

A

Croup

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37
Q

Croup/LTB is a ____ infection of the sub-glottic area

A

Viral

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38
Q

Name 3 sx’s in children w/croup:

A
  1. Barking cough
  2. Stridor
  3. Hoarseness
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39
Q

Croup is most common in children ages __-__

A

3 months-5 y.o.

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40
Q

Croup causes a ____ of the airways/trachea

A

Narrowing

41
Q

Several days of ___ sx precede croup sx

A

Cold

42
Q

The chief DDX for croup?

A

Epiglottitis

43
Q

An AP X-Ray of the trachea would show a classic ___ sign

A

Steeple

44
Q

A child with an abrupt onset (2-4 hours) of fever, severe dysphagia, and drooling, with NO hx of recent cold sx’s would most likely have?

A

Epiglottitis

45
Q

Epiglottitis can lead to sudden ____. Child needs to go to ER

A

Asphyxia

46
Q

Home care for a child with croup? (2 options)

A
  1. Mist therapy (hot shower, close door, have child breath for 20 minutes)
  2. Cold air therapy (bundle child up, go outside in cold air, have child breath for 20 mins)
47
Q

____ percussion (to open airways) can also help treat croup/LTB

A

Upper thoracic

48
Q

Should you adjust a child if epiglottitis is suspected?

A

NO

49
Q

Inflammation and/or mass in the laryngeal part of the main airway. Leads to hoarseness and loss of normal voice

A

Laryngitis

50
Q

Chronic, persistent laryngitis is more common in what two groups of people?

A
  1. Smokers

2. People w/allergies

51
Q

Name 4 contributing factors of laryngitis:

A
  1. Dry air (winter)
  2. Smoke, dust, noxious gasses
  3. Allergies (hay fever)
  4. Use of ICS’s (asthma)
52
Q

Non-smokers and people who talk or sing for a living may have a __ or __ on their larynx. People who smoke (or smoked) and have been hoarse for years may have ___ of the larynx

A

Cyst, nodule

Cancer

53
Q

When suspecting laryngitis, what is the best question to ask your patients?

A

When was the last time you had your normal voice?

54
Q

List some patient self-care options for laryngitis:

A
  1. Rest voice (do not whisper either)
  2. Hydrate, humidify air
  3. Vitamin C (250-500mg)
  4. Echinacea and Zinc
  5. Throat lozenges or cough drops
55
Q

An acute inflammation of the mucosa of the pharynx

A

Pharyngitis (sore throat)

56
Q

____ is one of the top 10 reasons for ER visits

A

Pharyngitis/sore throat

57
Q

Pharyngitis is most often (70%) caused by ___ infection

A

Viral

58
Q

The most important cause of sore throat to rule out is?

A

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS)

59
Q

Strep throat requires antibiotic treatment due to risk of what serious complication?

A

Rheumatic fever

60
Q

Name a good confirmatory test for infectious mononucleosis (IM/Mono)

A

Monospot test

61
Q

Patient presents with fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, HA, chills, possible anorexia. What is a top DDX?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

62
Q

Taking 1 teaspoon of liquid antacid at bedtime (not long term) can help treat?

A

Sore throat from postnasal drip

63
Q

Strep throat is most common in what season(s)?

A

Late winter, early spring

64
Q

Name the top DDX. Fever, lymphadenopathy, red and swollen pharynx and tonsils, white tonsillar exudates, pain on swallowing, HA, nausea, vomiting, ABSENCE of cold symptoms.

A

Strep throat (GABHS pharyngitis)

65
Q

Red cheeks, circumoral pallor, strawberry tongue are good signs of?

A

Scarlet fever

66
Q

The __ test is most common for diagnosing strep now (takes 10-15 minutes)

A

Rapid strep

67
Q

If rapid strep test is negative, a ___ is used to diagnose strep throat

A

Throat culture

68
Q

Treatment for strep throat (antibiotics) is directed towards what?

A

Preventing rheumatic fever

69
Q

These symptoms occur 1-4 weeks post strep: migrating polyarthritis, carditis (chest pain, SOB, palpitations)

A

Rheumatic fever

70
Q

Carditis, which affects the heart valves, occurs in about __% of cases of rheumatic fever

A

50%

71
Q

What antibiotic is usually used in the treatment of rheumatic fever?

A

Penicillin

72
Q

A monthly penicillin shot is administered to patients with RF until the patient is at least __ y.o. (Usually)

A

20

73
Q

An acute contagious disease characterized by an exotoxin that forms a pseudomembrane (usually on resp. Mucosa), causes myocardial and neural tissue damage.

A

Diphtheria

74
Q

Bacteria that causes diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

75
Q

Incubation period for patient with diphtheria?

A

1-7 days

76
Q

Overwhelming fatigue

A

Prostration

77
Q

What nerves are first involved in diphtheria infection?

A

Cranial

78
Q

What is given early in all cases where diphtheria is suspected?

A

Diphtheria antitoxin (derived from horses)

79
Q

A ____ test is given to determine a person’s susceptibility to diphtheria

A

Schick

80
Q

An acute, highly contagious bacterial disease characterized by paroxysmal or spasmodic cough that usually ends in prolonged, high-pitched, crowing, inspiratory “whoop”

A

Pertussis

81
Q

Name of the gram-negative coccobacillus that causes pertussis?

A

Bordetella (Hemophilus) pertussis

82
Q

Patients with pertussis (whooping cough) are not usually contagious after the __ week of paroxysmal phase

A

3rd

83
Q

__% of pertussis cases are in children less than 2 years of age

A

50%

84
Q

Incubation period for patient with pertussis?

A

7-17 days

85
Q

Symptoms of pertussis usually last about __ weeks and have __ stages

A

6, 3

86
Q

Name the 3 stages of pertussis:

A
  1. Catarrhal (cold sx)
  2. Paroxysmal (coughing jags)
  3. Convalescent (healing)
87
Q

Is fever common in patient’s with pertussis?

A

NO (if they have it, low-grade, which is uncommon for children w/bacterial infections)

88
Q

“Emetic” means?

A

Induces vomiting

89
Q

Vomiting is common during the coughing jags of pertussis because the ___ is emetic

A

Mucus

90
Q

The paroxysmal stage of pertussis begins at about __-__ days, and last to about __ weeks

A

10-14, 4

91
Q

What WBC is most elevated in pertussis? (70%)

A

Lymphocytes (which is odd because I thought viral infections cause an increase in lymphocytes…)

92
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough) kind of looks like a ___, but doesn’t go away.

A

Cold

93
Q

Most frequent complications of pertussis? (4)

A
  1. Asphyxia
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Cerebral hemorrhage
  4. Otitis media
94
Q

____ are NOT helpful for pertussis and should be avoided

A

Cough suppressants

95
Q

What vaccine is used to help prevent diphtheria and pertussis?

A

DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis)

Tdap is used as a booster and for adults.

96
Q

Fancy name for canker sores

A

Aphthous ulcer

EENT (10 decks)

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