Motor Speech Disorder- Dysarthria

Question 1

What does muscle tone refer to?

Answer 1

The measure of tension that exists when our muscles are in a resting state

Question 2

What does muscle strength refer to?

Answer 2

The ability of the muscles to contract to a desired level and may be reduced

Question 3

What does movement steadiness refer to?

Answer 3

The ability of muscles to generate steady movements and may be disrupted by involuntary movements

Question 4

Movement speed

Answer 4

Speech requires fast articulatory movements that may be reduced.

Question 5

Movement range

Answer 5

Refers to how far a structure such as jaw or tongue can be moved, this range can be reduced

Question 6

Movement coordination

Answer 6

Refers to the ability to precisely time muscle contractions so that each articulator moves the intended distance and direction at the exact right time.

Question 7

What are the 6 types of acquired dysarthria?

Answer 7

Spastic, flaccid, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, ataxic, and unilateral upper motor neuron

Question 8

What is spastic dysarthria?

Answer 8

Increased muscle tone, weakness, reduced speed and range of movement and a state of hyperreflexes.

Question 9

What is spastic dysarthria caused by?

Answer 9

Bilateral lesions in the motor cortex & its pathways to the lower motor neurons that cause muscle contraction

Question 10

What are the characteristics of spastic dysarthria?

Answer 10

Reduced pitch & loudness variation, breathy, harsh, strained or strangled voice quality, distorted consonants and vowels, reduced or exaggerated stress.

Question 11

What is flaccid dysarthria?

Answer 11

Muscle weakness, atrophy, and hypernasality. Results in restricted speed and range of movement.

Question 12

What is flaccid dysarthria caused by?

Answer 12

Damage to the cranial nerves that are responsible for muscle contraction or damage to the cranial nerves that connect these motor neurons to the muscle.

Question 13

What is flaccid dysarthria characterized by?

Answer 13

Reduced breath support, breathy voice quality, mono loudness, and monopitch, hypernasality, reduced articulatory precision, reduced utterance length.

Question 14

What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Answer 14

A slow, monotone, rigid sounding speech

Question 15

What is hypokinetic dysarthria caused by?

Answer 15

Damage to the basal ganglia which is a group of subcortical structures important for movement, most often observed with Parkinson’s disease which is a neurodegenerative disease that disrupts the production of dopamine, an important neuro transmitter.

Question 16

What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Answer 16

Variable muscle tone and slow or fast involuntary movements.

Question 17

What is hyperkinetic dysarthria caused by?

Answer 17

Sometimes hutingtons disease but most cases are idiopathic (unknown).

Question 18

What are the characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Answer 18

Sudden, irregular breathing patterns, sudden changes in pitch, loudness and quality, sudden breakdowns in articulatory precision, and rapid bursts of speech and inappropriate phrasing.

Question 19

What is ataxic dysarthria caused by?

Answer 19

Damage to the cerebellum causing incoordination, dysmetria, and tremors

Question 20

What are the characteristics of ataxic dysarthria?

Answer 20

Irregular breathing patterns, hoarse or breathy voice quality, irregular pitch and changes in loudness, reduced articulatory precision, and irregular speech rhythm.

Question 21

What are the 5 subsystems of speech?

Answer 21

Articulatory, resonatory, respiratory, phonotary

Question 22

What is dysarthria?

Answer 22

Referees to a group of neurogenic speech disorders that are organized by abnormalities within movement speed, strength, range, tone, steadiness, and coordination that are required for respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory, and prosodic aspects of speech.

Question 23

Difference between paralysis and paresis?

Answer 23

Paralysis is complete inability to perform any movement, and paresis is a reduction in muscle strength with limited range of voluntary movements.

Question 24

What are the causes of developmental dysarthria?

Answer 24

Pre-, peri-, postnatal damage to the nervous system.Lack of oxygen in the womb, Gilles de Tourette, maternal infections. Head trauma in difficult deliveries, infections, stroke.