Motor Speech

Question 1

The Central Nervous System consists of?

Answer 1

Brain and Spinal cord

Question 2

The Peripheral Nervous system consists of?

Answer 2

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Question 3

Cerebrum
(Which area is it?)

Answer 3

The largest part of the brain, 4 lobes, has sulci & gyri

Question 4

Brainstem
(includes what? important for what? Cranial nerve nuclei-)

Answer 4

• Midbrain, pons, medulla
• Important for reflexive actions (respiration & consciousness)
• Cranial nerve nuclei are where nerves attach to brainstem through medulla

Question 5

Cerebellum
(where is it? What does it control? path it takes?)

Answer 5

-Back of the brainstem
-Coordinates voluntary movements
-smooths out rough motor impulses, coordinates them, sends through thalamus to the Primary motor cortex
- knows everything, keeps tabs, fixes what is messed up

Question 6

Definitions:
Neurons-1
Tracts-2
Nerves-3
Neurotransmitters-4

Answer 6

-1 most important cell in the nervous system (cell body, dendrites, axon)
- 2 bundles of axons found in CNS
-3 Bundles of axons found in PNS
-4 released at endpoints once charges each axon terminal ramifications

Question 7

Primary Cortex

Answer 7

-Cortices first analyze sensory info (primary auditory cortex, primary visual, primary sensory cortex)
- receives planned motor impulses (primary motor cortex)
- planning does NOT happen here, only action

Question 8

Association Cortex

Answer 8

• “makes sense” of the sensory impulses that are received
• PLANNING HAPPENS HERE

Question 9

Thalamus

Answer 9

“doorway” through which subcortical systems communicate with cerebral cortex
- help to coordinate as well

Question 10

Primary motor cortex

Answer 10

Receives neural impulses that have been processed, smoothed, and coordinated by basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus

Question 11

Descending Motor Tracts

Answer 11

Pyramidal system & Extrapyramidal system

Question 12

Pyramidal System

Answer 12

Carris impulses that control voluntary, fine movement and works at a conscious level

Question 13

Extrapyramidal system

Answer 13

carries impulses that control postural support needed by fine motor movements and works at more of an unconscious level

Question 14

Upper motor neurons

Answer 14

within the CNS
- damage typically results in spasticity

Question 15

Lower motor neurons

Answer 15

includes cranial and spinal nerves
- damage typically results in muscle paralysis or paresis

Question 16

What is a motor speech disorder?

Answer 16

Speech disorders as a result of damage to the brain
-includes dysarthria & apraxia

Question 17

What does dysarthria affect?

Answer 17

• ROM (range of motion)
• Tonicity
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Coordination
  —> Neuromotor damage to the PNS or CNS

Question 18

What does Apraxia affect?

Answer 18

Planning/ Programming of movement
- often associated with damage to left hemisphere

Question 19

What are the 7 different types of Dysarthria?

Answer 19

• Flaccid
• Spastic
• Ataxic
• Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron
• Hypokinetic
• Hyperkinetic
• Mixed

Question 20

What are the 2 basic methods for evaluating a motor speech disorder? Describe?

Answer 20

• Instrumentation (objective)- Sophisticated devices such as tools and tests to measure components of speech production
• Perceptual Analysis (subjective)- relies on clinicians ears and eyes to judge

Question 21

What are the 5 components necessary for normal speech production?

Answer 21

1. Respiration
2. Phonation
3. Resonance
4. Articulation
5. Prosody

Question 22

Primary function of Respiration for speech? If there is damage, what does it affect?

Answer 22

• provides subglottic air pressure for phonation
• Nerve damage leads to weak muscles w/difficulties moving air in and out of lungs
  –> short phrases, reduced loudness, and breathy voice

Question 23

Primary function of phonation for speech production? If there is damage, what does it affect?

Answer 23

• Normal phonation= complete adduction of VFs and sufficient subglottic air pressure
• Neuromotor damage to nerve that innervates VF
  –>flaccid dysarthria, spastic dysarthria, neruromotor damage to laryngeal muscles

Question 24

Primary function of resonance for speech production? If there is damage, what does it affect?

Answer 24

• Proper placement of oral or nasal tonality onto phonemes during speech accomplished by raising and lowering of velum
• oral res-velum is raised and closes off nasal cavity
• nasal res- velum is lowered and oral cavity is blocked by tongue and lips
• Damage to nerves innervating velar muscles may cause hypernasal quality

Question 25

Primary function of articulation for speech production? If there is damage, what will it affect?

Answer 25

• shapes the vocal air steam into phonemes
• neuromotor damage to articulators may affect lips, tongue, jaw, velum, or vocal folds and results in articulation errors (imprecise consonants or distorted vowels)

Question 26

Primary function of prosody for speech production? If there is damage, what will it affect?

Answer 26

• melody of speech, using stress, and intonation to convey meaning
• Neuromotor damage can affect prosody
  –> monopitch and monoloudness ; involuntary movements can result in irregular pitch variations, loudness, and prolonged intervals

Question 27

Standardized test for apraxia

Answer 27

Apraxia Battery for Adults-Second Edition

Question 28

Standardized test for Dysarthria

Answer 28

• Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment-2
• Assessment of intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech
• Speech Intelligibility Test for Windows

Question 29

What 6 Salient features should we assess?

Answer 29

1. Muscle Strength
2. Speed of Movement
3. Range of Motion
4. Accuracy of Movement
5. Motor Steadiness
6. Muscle Tone