Motor Speech Flashcards
The Central Nervous System consists of?
Brain and Spinal cord
The Peripheral Nervous system consists of?
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Cerebrum
(Which area is it?)
The largest part of the brain, 4 lobes, has sulci & gyri
Brainstem
(includes what? important for what? Cranial nerve nuclei-)
- Midbrain, pons, medulla
- Important for reflexive actions (respiration & consciousness)
- Cranial nerve nuclei are where nerves attach to brainstem through medulla
Cerebellum
(where is it? What does it control? path it takes?)
-Back of the brainstem
-Coordinates voluntary movements
-smooths out rough motor impulses, coordinates them, sends through thalamus to the Primary motor cortex
- knows everything, keeps tabs, fixes what is messed up
Definitions:
Neurons-1
Tracts-2
Nerves-3
Neurotransmitters-4
-1 most important cell in the nervous system (cell body, dendrites, axon)
- 2 bundles of axons found in CNS
-3 Bundles of axons found in PNS
-4 released at endpoints once charges each axon terminal ramifications
Primary Cortex
-Cortices first analyze sensory info (primary auditory cortex, primary visual, primary sensory cortex)
- receives planned motor impulses (primary motor cortex)
- planning does NOT happen here, only action
Association Cortex
- “makes sense” of the sensory impulses that are received
- PLANNING HAPPENS HERE
Thalamus
“doorway” through which subcortical systems communicate with cerebral cortex
- help to coordinate as well
Primary motor cortex
Receives neural impulses that have been processed, smoothed, and coordinated by basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus
Descending Motor Tracts
Pyramidal system & Extrapyramidal system
Pyramidal System
Carris impulses that control voluntary, fine movement and works at a conscious level
Extrapyramidal system
carries impulses that control postural support needed by fine motor movements and works at more of an unconscious level
Upper motor neurons
within the CNS
- damage typically results in spasticity
Lower motor neurons
includes cranial and spinal nerves
- damage typically results in muscle paralysis or paresis
What is a motor speech disorder?
Speech disorders as a result of damage to the brain
-includes dysarthria & apraxia
What does dysarthria affect?
- ROM (range of motion)
- Tonicity
- Speed
- Accuracy
- Coordination
—> Neuromotor damage to the PNS or CNS
What does Apraxia affect?
Planning/ Programming of movement
- often associated with damage to left hemisphere
What are the 7 different types of Dysarthria?
- Flaccid
- Spastic
- Ataxic
- Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron
- Hypokinetic
- Hyperkinetic
- Mixed
What are the 2 basic methods for evaluating a motor speech disorder? Describe?
- Instrumentation (objective)- Sophisticated devices such as tools and tests to measure components of speech production
- Perceptual Analysis (subjective)- relies on clinicians ears and eyes to judge
What are the 5 components necessary for normal speech production?
- Respiration
- Phonation
- Resonance
- Articulation
- Prosody
Primary function of Respiration for speech? If there is damage, what does it affect?
- provides subglottic air pressure for phonation
- Nerve damage leads to weak muscles w/difficulties moving air in and out of lungs
–> short phrases, reduced loudness, and breathy voice
Primary function of phonation for speech production? If there is damage, what does it affect?
- Normal phonation= complete adduction of VFs and sufficient subglottic air pressure
- Neuromotor damage to nerve that innervates VF
–>flaccid dysarthria, spastic dysarthria, neruromotor damage to laryngeal muscles
Primary function of resonance for speech production? If there is damage, what does it affect?
- Proper placement of oral or nasal tonality onto phonemes during speech accomplished by raising and lowering of velum
- oral res-velum is raised and closes off nasal cavity
- nasal res- velum is lowered and oral cavity is blocked by tongue and lips
- Damage to nerves innervating velar muscles may cause hypernasal quality
Primary function of articulation for speech production? If there is damage, what will it affect?
- shapes the vocal air steam into phonemes
- neuromotor damage to articulators may affect lips, tongue, jaw, velum, or vocal folds and results in articulation errors (imprecise consonants or distorted vowels)
Primary function of prosody for speech production? If there is damage, what will it affect?
- melody of speech, using stress, and intonation to convey meaning
- Neuromotor damage can affect prosody
–> monopitch and monoloudness ; involuntary movements can result in irregular pitch variations, loudness, and prolonged intervals
Standardized test for apraxia
Apraxia Battery for Adults-Second Edition
Standardized test for Dysarthria
- Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment-2
- Assessment of intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech
- Speech Intelligibility Test for Windows
What 6 Salient features should we assess?
- Muscle Strength
- Speed of Movement
- Range of Motion
- Accuracy of Movement
- Motor Steadiness
- Muscle Tone
