motor physiology

Question 1

what areas areas of the brain contribute to motor physiology

Answer 1

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
boccas area
frontal eye field

Question 2

what type of cells are found in premotor cortex

Answer 2

85% are pyramidal/corticospinal tracts…long axons

Question 3

Brocas area is involed in what and where is it found

Answer 3

motor speech/ left hemisphere

Question 4

Descending motor tracts are deivided in what pathways

Answer 4

Direct & indirect pathways ,

Question 5

Direct pathways are also known as what

Answer 5

corticospinal/ pyramidan long axons again

Question 6

Descending pathwyas include?

Answer 6

1) corticospinal
2)Rubrospinal tracts
3) Reticulospinal tracts
4)vestibulospinal
5)tectospinal

Question 7

dorsal horn

Answer 7

sensory effecert

Question 8

ventral horn

Answer 8

motor neurons

Question 9

What are indirect pathways

Answer 9

any pathways thats not pyramidal

Question 10

Where do descending motors come from?

Answer 10

brain stem nuclei

Question 11

what part of the brain helps PLAN movment?

Answer 11

premotor cortex

Question 12

if i am feeling for a light
switch in a dark room what part of the brain am i using?

Answer 12

premotor cortex

Question 13

What are upper motor neurons

Answer 13

are the pyramidal cells
of the motor cortex and the neurons of
subcortical motor nuclei

Question 14

Lower motor neurons

Answer 14

are the ventral horn
motor neurons. These directly innervate the
skeletal muscles (their effectors)

Question 15

Direct pathways dont synapse to the spinal cord but they DO synapse with what?

Answer 15

interneurons or
with ventral horn motor neurons

Question 16

The indirect pathways include?

Answer 16

brain stem motor nuclei and all motor pathways except the pyramidal
pathways.

Question 17

What is Extrapyramidal system?

Answer 17

because their nuclei of origin were presumed to be independent of the pyramidal
tracts.

Question 18

What do Rubrospinal tracts control?

Answer 18

control flexor muscles

Question 19

What do Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts control?

Answer 19

maintain balance
by varying the tone of postural muscles

Question 20

What do Tectospinal tracts and the superior colliculi do?

Answer 20

mediate head
movements in response to visual stimuli.

Question 21

What cranial nerve innervate extraocular muscles

Answer 21

3, 4 and 6

Question 22

CN V innervates what?

Answer 22

muscles of mastication (chewing)

Question 23

CN VII innervates what

Answer 23

innervates muscles of facial expression

Question 24

CN IX muscles of?

Answer 24

pharynx

Question 25

CN XI muscles of?

Answer 25

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Question 26

CN XII innervates what

Answer 26

muscles of the tongue

Question 27

What is end plate potential

Answer 27

chemically induced change in electric potential (dancers at start causing commotion)

Question 28

What is the Hierarchy of motor control

Answer 28

HIGHEST ❑ Precommand level ❑ Projection level ❑ Segmental level LOWEST

Question 29

Precommand level includes what?

Answer 29

Cerebellum and Basal nuclei

Question 30

Projection level includes what?

Answer 30

primary motor cortex and brain stem nuclei

Question 31

Segmental level includes what

Answer 31

spinal cord

Question 32

What are central pattern generators (CPGs).

Answer 32

Circuits that control locomotion and other specific motor activities

Question 33

What type of reflex is involuntary/learned

Answer 33

Inborn (intrinsic) reflex

Question 34

What reflex Results from practice or repetition

Answer 34

Learned (acquired) reflex

Question 35

list all reflex arcs

Answer 35

1)receptor 2)sensory neuron 3) interrogation centre 4)motor neuron 5)effector

Question 36

What happens in monosynaptic reflex

Answer 36

the integration center may be a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron

Question 37

What is polysynaptic reflex

Answer 37

when more complex reflex arcs involve multiple synapses with chains of interneurons

Question 38

how are reflexes classified functinally

Answer 38

Somatic reflexes: They activate skeletal muscle ❑ Autonomic (visceral) reflexes: They activate visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands)

Question 39

What are The most commonly assessed reflexes

Answer 39

stretch, flexor, and superficial reflexes

Question 40

What do Stretch and tendon reflexes do

Answer 40

help your nervous system smoothly coordinate the activity of your skeletal muscles.

Question 41

❖ Two types of information about the current state of a muscle are required. The nervous system needs to know??

Answer 41

1)The length of the muscle. This information comes from the muscle spindles 2)The amount of tension in the muscle and its associated tendons. Tendon organs provide this information

Question 42

Each muscle spindle consists of?

Answer 42

-Intrafusal muscle fibers -❑ Extrafusal muscle fibers ➢ Sensory endings ➢ Alpha (α) motor neurons ➢ Gamma (γ) efferent fibers

Question 43

What do Alpha (α) motor neurons in muscle spindles do?

Answer 43

stimulate the extrafusal muscle fibers

Question 44

What stimulates intrafusal muscle fibers

Answer 44

Gamma (γ) efferent fibers

Question 45

what is reciprocal activation.

Answer 45

like a seesaw: when one muscle relaxes while its opposite muscle gets activated

Question 46

Flexor reflexes are caused by?

Answer 46

automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part from the stimulus. Flexor reflexes are ipsilateral and polysynaptic

Question 47

what are examples of Superficial Reflexes

Answer 47

abdominal and plantar reflexes.

Question 48

absence of Abdominal reflexes indicates what

Answer 48

lesions in the corticospinal tract.

Question 49

The plantar reflex tests what

Answer 49

the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2

Question 50

What hiearchle layer includes spinal cord circuits

Answer 50

The Segmental Level