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ANP 1106 > motor physiology > Flashcards

motor physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what areas areas of the brain contribute to motor physiology

A

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
boccas area
frontal eye field

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2
Q

what type of cells are found in premotor cortex

A

85% are pyramidal/corticospinal tracts…long axons

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3
Q

Brocas area is involed in what and where is it found

A

motor speech/ left hemisphere

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4
Q

Descending motor tracts are deivided in what pathways

A

Direct & indirect pathways ,

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5
Q

Direct pathways are also known as what

A

corticospinal/ pyramidan long axons again

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6
Q

Descending pathwyas include?

A

1) corticospinal
2)Rubrospinal tracts
3) Reticulospinal tracts
4)vestibulospinal
5)tectospinal

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7
Q

dorsal horn

A

sensory effecert

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8
Q

ventral horn

A

motor neurons

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9
Q

What are indirect pathways

A

any pathways thats not pyramidal

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10
Q

Where do descending motors come from?

A

brain stem nuclei

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11
Q

what part of the brain helps PLAN movment?

A

premotor cortex

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12
Q

if i am feeling for a light
switch in a dark room what part of the brain am i using?

A

premotor cortex

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13
Q

What are upper motor neurons

A

are the pyramidal cells
of the motor cortex and the neurons of
subcortical motor nuclei

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14
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

are the ventral horn
motor neurons. These directly innervate the
skeletal muscles (their effectors)

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15
Q

Direct pathways dont synapse to the spinal cord but they DO synapse with what?

A

interneurons or
with ventral horn motor neurons

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16
Q

The indirect pathways include?

A

brain stem motor nuclei and all motor pathways except the pyramidal
pathways.

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17
Q

What is Extrapyramidal system?

A

because their nuclei of origin were presumed to be independent of the pyramidal
tracts.

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18
Q

What do Rubrospinal tracts control?

A

control flexor muscles

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19
Q

What do Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts control?

A

maintain balance
by varying the tone of postural muscles

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20
Q

What do Tectospinal tracts and the superior colliculi do?

A

mediate head
movements in response to visual stimuli.

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21
Q

What cranial nerve innervate extraocular muscles

A

3, 4 and 6

22
Q

CN V innervates what?

A

muscles of mastication (chewing)

23
Q

CN VII innervates what

A

innervates muscles of facial expression

24
Q

CN IX muscles of?

A

pharynx

25
Q

CN XI muscles of?

A

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

26
Q

CN XII innervates what

A

muscles of the tongue

27
Q

What is end plate potential

A

chemically induced change in electric potential (dancers at start causing commotion)

28
Q

What is the Hierarchy of motor control

A

HIGHEST
❑ Precommand level
❑ Projection level
❑ Segmental level
LOWEST

29
Q

Precommand level includes what?

A

Cerebellum and Basal nuclei

30
Q

Projection level includes what?

A

primary motor cortex and brain stem nuclei

31
Q

Segmental level includes what

A

spinal cord

32
Q

What are central
pattern generators (CPGs).

A

Circuits that control locomotion and other specific motor activities

33
Q

What type of reflex is involuntary/learned

A

Inborn (intrinsic) reflex

34
Q

What reflex Results from practice or repetition

A

Learned (acquired) reflex

35
Q

list all reflex arcs

A

1)receptor
2)sensory neuron
3) interrogation centre
4)motor neuron
5)effector

36
Q

What happens in monosynaptic reflex

A

the integration
center may be a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a
motor neuron

37
Q

What is polysynaptic
reflex

A

when more complex reflex arcs involve multiple synapses with chains of interneurons

38
Q

how are reflexes classified functinally

A

Somatic reflexes: They activate skeletal muscle
❑ Autonomic (visceral) reflexes: They activate visceral effectors (smooth or
cardiac muscle or glands)

39
Q

What are The most commonly assessed reflexes

A

stretch, flexor, and superficial reflexes

40
Q

What do Stretch and tendon reflexes do

A

help your nervous system smoothly coordinate the activity
of your skeletal muscles.

41
Q

❖ Two types of information about the current state of a muscle are required. The
nervous system needs to know??

A

1)The length of the muscle. This information comes from the muscle spindles
2)The amount of tension in the muscle and its associated tendons. Tendon organs
provide this information

42
Q

Each muscle spindle consists of?

A

-Intrafusal muscle fibers
-❑ Extrafusal muscle fibers
➢ Sensory endings
➢ Alpha (α) motor neurons
➢ Gamma (γ) efferent fibers

43
Q

What do Alpha (α) motor neurons in muscle spindles do?

A

stimulate the
extrafusal muscle fibers

44
Q

What stimulates intrafusal muscle fibers

A

Gamma (γ) efferent fibers

45
Q

what is reciprocal activation.

A

like a seesaw: when one muscle relaxes while its opposite muscle gets activated

46
Q

Flexor reflexes are caused by?

A

automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part from the stimulus.
Flexor reflexes are ipsilateral and polysynaptic

47
Q

what are examples of Superficial Reflexes

A

abdominal and plantar reflexes.

48
Q

absence of Abdominal reflexes indicates what

A

lesions in the corticospinal tract.

49
Q

The plantar reflex tests what

A

the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2

50
Q

What hiearchle layer includes spinal cord circuits

A

The Segmental Level

51
Q
A

ANP 1106 (8 decks)

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