Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

OT With Children > Motor Development Of Posture And Movement Control > Flashcards

Motor Development Of Posture And Movement Control Flashcards

1
Q

Concepts

A
  • the first year of life = the babies just move and move
  • gross motor competencies are foundation for other skills
    Direction of development:
  • cephalocaudal = head down to your feet (first head control, then head and neck extension, push on arms, developed down to walking
  • proximal to distal
  • posture
  • postural control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Posture

A
  • alignment of body’s parts in relation to each other and the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Postural control

A
  • ability to control one’s center of mass (COM) over the base of support (BOS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Influences on movement and postural control

A
  • intact central nervous system
  • myelination/axons and dendrites
  • reflexes
  • automatic reactions
  • lack of reflex integration and reaction development indicate differences in nervous system function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reflexes

A
  • automatic responses to stimulus
  • present at birth
  • integrate over time
  • if a reflex is integrated, it means that their nervous system is developed and they no longer have it
  • ex: a baby is born with palmar reflex (grabs the caregiver’s finger which is typical) = it integrates at about 4-6 months which means they no longer have that reflex (reflex disappears and when you put something in their hand, they can grasp it but also release it)
    *when babies are born, all their movements are reflexive and we need to move away from the reflexes to integrating them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Automatic reactions

A
  • involuntary
  • developed when young (protective responses)
  • ex: when you trip, your arms go out to catch you
  • once you develop automatic reactions, you keep those forever
  • memorize that walking is at 12 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Reflexes

A
  • rooting
  • sucking/swallowing
  • moro
  • palmar grasp
  • asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rooting

A
  • stimulus response = light touch on side of face, opens mouth and turns head in direction of touch
  • lack of integration = interferes with exploration of objects and head control
  • age = 28 weeks GA (gestational age) to 3 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sucking/swallowing

A
  • stimulus response = light touch to oral cavity, closes mouth, sucks and swallows
  • lack of integration = interferes with coordination of sucking/swallow/breathe
  • age = 28 weeks GA to 2-5 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Moro

A
  • stimulus response = arms extend and hands open, then arms flex and hands close; generally cry
  • lack of integration = interferes with head control, sitting balance, and protective reactions
  • age = birth to 4-6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Palmar grasp

A
  • stimulus response = pressure on ulnar side of palm, fingers flex
  • lack of integration = interferes with release of objects
  • age = 30 weeks GA to 4-6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

A
  • stimulus response = head turns to one side, arm/leg on face side extend and on skill side flex
  • lack of integration = interferes with reaching, grasping, bilateral hand use and rolling
  • age = 1 month to 4-6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Influences on movement and postural control

A

Emergence of balance reactions:
- righting
- protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Righting

A
  • realignment of the body during rotation, flexion, and extension
  • ability to keep body and head in upright position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Protective

A
  • reactions to external disturbances in forearm, lateral, and backward space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Automatic reactions

A
  • protective responses
  • head righting
  • neck on body righting
  • equilibrium reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Protective responses

A
  • in sitting, gently push child off balance to the front, side and back
  • observe for arm extension to prevent falling
  • age = front (6-7 months), side (7-10 months), and back (9-12 months)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Head righting

A
  • in sitting, move child from side to side/front and back
  • observe child moving their head in the opposite direction to maintain head alignment with the body
  • age = 3-4 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neck on body righting

A
  • in supine, rotate child’s head to one side
  • note if body rotation and the child rolling to prone occurs as a unit or segmentally (you want it to be segmental rolling)
  • age = 4-5 months
20
Q

Equilibrium reactions

A
  • tilt supporting surface to one side and the other
  • when tilted to the left, notice the lateral flexion on the right of the extremity
  • when tilted to the right, notice the lateral flexion on the left of the extremity
  • all with the head righting
  • age = sitting (7-10 months), quadruped (9-12 months), and standing (12-20 months)
21
Q

Influences on movement and postural control

A
  • muscle tone
  • musculoskeletal components
  • environment
  • prior experience
  • sensory systems
  • reactive postural adjustments (RPA)
  • anticipatory postural adjustments (APA)
  • praxis
  • control during weight-shift
22
Q

Muscle tone (influences on movement and postural control)

A
  • internal state of muscle fiber tension within individual muscles
  • state of continuous, mild contraction which is effected by gravity and emotional state
  • normal = high enough to resist the effects of gravity in posture and movement, but low enough to allow for freedom of movement
  • hypotonic = decreased muscle tone, too much flexibility
  • hypertonicity = increased muscle tone, lack of flexibility
23
Q

Musculoskeletal components (influences on movement and postural control)

A
  • bones
  • joints
  • muscles
24
Q

Sensory systems (influences on movement and postural control)

A
  • tactile = recognition of the properties of surfaces and objects via touch
  • proprioception = position and movement of body/joints
  • vestibular = provides info about head position, balance, and position in space
  • vision = difficulties will make it harder to explore the environment
25
Reactive postural adjustments (RPA) (influences on movement and postural control)
- ability to react to unexpected external postural challenges - ex: when you trip and you catch yourself
26
Anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) (influences on movement and postural control)
- ability to adjust to expected postural changes related to the production of voluntary movement - combining postural control reactions with voluntary movement - ex: when you get into an elevator - child makes anticipatory postural adjustments prior to voluntary movements - creates a stable base on which movement can take place * we need to have both RPA and APA to keep our bodies safe
27
Praxis (influences on movement and postural control)
- able to generate info and plan, organize, and carry out sequence of unfamiliar actions - ideation = thought, planning an idea, ability to visualize activity - motor planning = making a plan for the action - execution = actually doing to action
28
Control during weight-shift (influences on movement and postural control)
- linear = up/down, forward/back - lateral = side to side - rotation = within body axis
29
Movement components
- symmetry - balance between flexors/extensors = trunk and pelvis - differentiation of trunk/extremity = head from trunk, trunk segmentation, arms from trunk and legs from pelvis - weight-bearing = trunk, arms, and legs - reciprocal movement = arms and legs
30
Assessment
- are reflexes demonstrated or integrated at the correct time? - are the automatic reactions developed? - Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-3) - Bailey Scales of Infant and Toddler Development - clinical observations = knowing what developmental milestones are appropriate and how to facilitate them
31
When doing interventions
- developmental FOR is primarily used - consider adjustment for chronological age (adjust for chronological age until 2 years old) - consider where the child is = what milestones comes next to facilitate skills - educate family on what skills to work on = how can family support the development of this skill multiple times per day - consider the environment = how to modify the environment to keep the child safe and facilitate development (if an item can go through a toilet paper roll, it is considered a chocking hazard
32
4 phases of infant motor development
- infantile = birth to 3 months - preparation = 4 to 6 months - modification = 7 to 9 months - refinement = 10 to 12 months
33
Infantile phase (birth to 3 months)
- reflexive action dominates movement = flexed posture initially - beginning head control = head lags behind when pulled into sitting - gradual extension of body
34
Interventions for infantile phase (birth to 3 months)
- interventions (for motor) focus upon tolerating prone to promote head control and lifting head against gravity - play in side lying - 4 tummy time positions - visual tracking, reaching *important to be able to do head and neck extension because all of the motors develop on top of that
35
Torticollis
- shortening or tightening of sternocleidomastoid muscle - causes neck to flex to one side, baby to favor opposite side - caused by positioning in the uterus or during delivery
36
Signs of torticollis
- tilt of head in one direction - child favors one side - cannot completely turn head in other direction - difficulty feeding on one side
37
Interventions for torticollis
- it’s mostly education for the parents Positioning: - alternate sides of holding - alternate sides of feeding - alternate position in bed or position on changing table Play: - tummy time - position toys on non preferred side - promote tracking of toys and voice to each side * in more severe cases may require helmet to prevent flattening of head = having a helmet is a side effect of torticollis because their head is always going to be laying on the same spot which promotes a flat spot
38
Preparation phase (4 to 6 months)
- the stage where baby begins mobility - sustained head control in all positions - increased neck and back extension = prone on forearms and extended arms - weight bearing and weight shifting through arms and legs - beginning reach and grasp - grasping, playing with feet = means that they have core strength Rolling = first purposeful movement in space - combines flexion and extension (trunk, hips, and shoulder = have to have ATNR integrated in order to do it) - develops rotation within body axis - balance = side lying and in rotary movements - supported sitting - can bear weight over legs in supported standing
39
Modification phase (7 to 9 months)
- the stage when a baby starts to be more active and explores - transitional movements for changing positions - assume and maintain = can explore movement from a variety of postures due to increased postural control - independent sitting - hands and knees - creeping/crawling = super important (crawling = baby’s stomach is on the ground; creeping = hands and knees on the ground) - kneeling - squatting - supported standing
40
Sitting
- 1st independent vertical posture Dependent on: - extension established in prone - flexion established in supine - rotation from rolling - differentiation of upper and lower trunk Sequential establishment of balance: - arms provide support - midline stability = moving away from and back to midline - trunk rotation
41
Crawling and creeping
Bilateral crawl = symmetrical propulsion (commando crawl) - stomach on surface - extremities push and pull Mature creep = reciprocal pattern - stomach off the floor - trunk rotation with weight shift - opposite arm and leg move forward
42
Refinement phase (10 to 12 months)
- increased balance, strength, and postural control during locomotion - reach with precision and accuracy Advanced levels of: - coordination - speed - timing Skill acquisition: - 1/2 kneel - cruising = walking along the furniture to walk - climbing - knee walking - walking
43
Standing
- upper extremity strength for pulling to stand - combines flexion and extension Balance: - early = wide base of support and arms in high guard - with rotation = their base narrows and movement between/around items - weight shift = side to side, up and down
44
Walking
- requires balance between flexors/extensors of trunks and tips - cruises (lateral movements) - independent steps = overly flexed and loses balance forward (helps to develop front protective reflex) - early pattern = wide base, lateral weight shifts, toe gripping, and excessive arm posture - with increased postural control during locomotion= arms flexed and shoulders retracted progresses to arms begin to extend and abduct - as rotation is integrated, arms are lower and base of support narrows - equilibrium reactions are established
45
Safety considerations when babies are mobile
- need to create a safe place for children to explore - free of hard/sharp surfaces (for when falling) - free of cords and outlets - no small items (general rule = items that fit through a toilet paper roll are choking hazards - if it is in the space, babies/toddlers will find it and explore

OT With Children (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions