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BU 288 > Motivation I > Flashcards

Motivation I Flashcards

1
Q

Define motivation

A

The extent to which persistent effort is directed toward a goal

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2
Q

What are the four basic characteristics of motivation?

A
  1. Effort extended
  2. Direction - the appropriate task
  3. Persistence - over time
  4. Toward appropriate goals
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3
Q

What are the two different forms of motivation theories?

A
  1. Content theories

2. Process theories

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4
Q

Describe content theories of motivation

A

They focus on the needs that must be met in order to motivate individuals (WHAT motivates)

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5
Q

What are some examples of content theories?

A

Self-determination theory, Maslow’s theory, Alderfer’s ERG theory

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6
Q

Describe process theories of motivation

A

They focus on the underlying processes involved in motivating employees (HOW motivation occurs)

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7
Q

What are some examples of process theories?

A

Goal-setting theory, Expectancy theory

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8
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Stems from the direct relationship between the work and the task

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9
Q

How is intrinsic motivation applied?

A

It is usually self-applied

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of intrinsic motivation?

A

Strong and stable impacts

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11
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Stems from the work environment external to the task; leads to more effort and more persistence

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12
Q

How is extrinsic motivation applied?

A

It is usually applied by others

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of extrinsic motivation?

A

Only works in certain situations, and is not long lasting

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14
Q

Define self-determination theory

A

A theory of motivation that considers whether people’s motivation is autonomous or controlled

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15
Q

Define autonomous motivation

A

Occurs when people are self-motivated by intrinsic factors

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16
Q

Define controlled motivation

A

Occurs when people are motivated to obtain a desired consequence or extrinsic reward

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17
Q

Define Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

A theory that breaks motivation down into five categories; the lowest unmet level of needs has the most motivating potential, and the higher-level needs will not motivate unless the lower level has been met. Needs that have been met will no longer motivate

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18
Q

What are the three over-arching types of needs according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A
  1. Basic needs
  2. Psychological needs
  3. Self-fulfillment needs
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19
Q

What are the two types of basic needs?

A
  1. Physiological needs

2. Safety needs

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20
Q

Give some examples of physiological needs

A

Food, water, warmth, rest

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21
Q

Give some examples of safety needs

A

Shelter, security

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22
Q

What are the two types of psychological needs according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A
  1. Social belonging

2. Esteem needs

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23
Q

Give some examples of social belonging needs

A

Relationships, social status, friendship

24
Q

Give some examples of esteem needs

A

Feelings of accomplishment, pride, self-esteem

25
Q

What is the one type of self-fulfillment need according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Self-actualization

26
Q

Give some examples of self actualization needs

A

Achieving potential, meaning, creativity/art, helping others

27
Q

What are the problems with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Not everyone is like this; the “starving artist,” or the lonely CEO

28
Q

Define Alderfer’s ERG theory

A

A theory that breaks motivation down into three categories. The more lower-level needs are gratified, the more higher-level need satisfaction is desired

29
Q

What are the three categories of motivation according to Alderfer’s ERG theory?

A
  1. Existence
  2. Relatedness
  3. Growth
30
Q

How does the Existence category of Alderfer’s ERG theory correspond to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Corresponds to Maslow’s Basic needs

31
Q

How does the Relatedness category of Alderfer’s ERG theory correspond to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Corresponds to Maslow’s Psychological needs

32
Q

How does the Growth category of Alderfer’s ERG theory correspond to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Corresponds to Maslow’s Self-actualization needs

33
Q

Give some examples of the Existence category

A

Food, water, security, pay-check, benefits

34
Q

Give some examples of the Relatedness category

A

Quality social experience at work, open communication, fitting in

35
Q

Give some examples of the Growth category

A

Fulfilling, intrinsically motivating jobs; generativity, helping others

36
Q

What are the implications of ERG?

A

Employers need to appreciate diversity of the needs of individual employees and offer incentives or goals that correspond to them, as well as appreciate the motivational potential of intrinsic motivators and the existence of higher-order needs

37
Q

Define expectancy theory

A

A process theory that states that motivation is determined by the outcomes that people expect to occur as a result of their actions on the job

38
Q

What are the three aspects of expectancy theory?

A
  1. Effort
  2. Performance
  3. Outcomes
39
Q

Define outcome

A

Consequences that follow work behaviour

40
Q

Define instrumentality

A

The probability that a particular first-level outcome will be followed by a particular second-level outcome

41
Q

Define valence

A

The expected value of work outcomes; the extent to which they are attractive or unattractive

42
Q

Define expenctance

A

The probability that a particular first-level outcome can be achieved

43
Q

What is effort affected by?

A

Expectancy: If I exert a lot of effort, will I perform well?

44
Q

What is performance affected by?

A

Instrumentality: If I perform well, will I receive outcomes?

45
Q

What are outcomes affected by?

A

Valence: Will the outcomes be satisfying?

46
Q

How can you boost expectancies?

A

Increase self-efficacy

47
Q

Give some examples of how you can improve self-efficacy

A
  1. Provide proper equipment
  2. Training and mentoring
  3. Developing correct work procedures
  4. Listening to employee problems and providing feedback
48
Q

How can you boost instrumentality?

A

Clarify reward contingencies

49
Q

Give an example of how you can clarify reward contingencies

A

Fair rewarding system

50
Q

How can you boost valence of outcomes?

A

Design or rewards

51
Q

Give an example how you can design rewards to boost valence of outcomes

A

Appreciate diversity of needs: be aware of value differences

52
Q

Define Goal Setting Theory

A

A process theory that suggests different ways to improve the situation by changing how managers communicate their goals to their employees

53
Q

In what four ways to goals affect behaviours?

A
  1. Direct attention to a particular task
  2. Facilitate strategy development
  3. Mobilize on-task effort
  4. Encourage task persistence
54
Q

When are goals motivational?

A
  1. They are specific
  2. They are challenging
  3. Organizational members are accepting them and committed to them
  4. Feedback about progress toward goal attainment is provided
55
Q

Describe ideal feedback in a motivational goal context

A
  1. Be specific, accurate, credible, and timely

2. Enables individuals to assess progress toward goals and adjust

BU 288 (16 decks)

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