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BU 288 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the OB definition of learning?

A

A relatively permanent change in behaviour potential as a result of experience

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2
Q

What is learning prompted by?

A

Feedback from the environment about the consequences of specific behaviours

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3
Q

How does feedback prompt learning?

A

Feedback changes the potential/probability that a behaviour will happen again in the future

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4
Q

What types of skills do people need to learn to adjust to performing in line with organizational goals?

A
  1. Job skills
  2. Personal skills
  3. Interpersonal
  4. Group/Cultural
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5
Q

What is included in job skills?

A

Tasks, duties, competencies

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6
Q

What is included in personal skills?

A

Problem solving, critical thinking

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7
Q

What is included in interpersonal?

A

Behavioural norms, leadership

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8
Q

What is included in group/cultural

A

Values, customs, goals/mission

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9
Q

Define operant learning theory

A

How people learn to operate on the environment based on the feedback they get for their behaviour (not necessarily a conscious process)

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10
Q

What is learned in operant learning theory?

A

The connection between a certain behaviour and the feedback by the environment is learned (not the behaviour and not the feedback itself)

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11
Q

What are the four learning processes?

A
  1. Positive reinforcement
  2. Punishment
  3. Extinction
  4. Negative reinforcement
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12
Q

Describe the law of effect

A

People repeat behaviours that bring them satisfaction and pleasure and stop those that bring them dissatisfaction and pain

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13
Q

What are the two ways to increase the probability of behaviour?

A

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement

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14
Q

What are the two ways to decrease the probability of behaviour?

A

Punishment, extinction

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15
Q

What type of learning process occurs when pleasant stimulus is added?

A

Positive reinforcement

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16
Q

What type of learning process occurs when unpleasant stimulus is added?

A

Punishment

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17
Q

What type of learning process occurs when pleasant stimulus is taken away?

A

Extinction

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18
Q

What type of learning process occurs when unpleasant stimulus is removed?

A

Negative reinforcement

19
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

A stimulus that follows some behaviour and increases or maintains the probability of that behaviour

20
Q

What is the reinforcer contingent upon?

A

The occurrence of some desired behaviour

21
Q

Give an example of positive reinforcement

A

Giving pleasant stimulus to whoever is nice to you by saying “thank you”

22
Q

Give an example of negative reinforcement

A

Removing the unpleasant stimulus when work is completed; the supervisor stops their nagging

23
Q

What has to happen for reinforcement to work?

A

The receiver of the reinforcement needs to be aware of what behaviour(s) is (are) connected to the reinforcement. Otherwise they might think the reward is just a gift; they don’t know what behaviour(s) to continue

24
Q

What are some sources and forms of reinforcement?

A

Performance feedback, social recognition, promotions and pay increases

25
Q

When does performance feedback work best?

A

Conveyed in a positive way, delivered immediately after performance, specific to a concrete behaviour

26
Q

When does social recognition work best?

A

Specifies a concrete behaviour, specifies how a person will be recognized, gives a token of recognition

27
Q

What are two strategies that can reduce the probability of learned behaviour?

A

Punishment and extinction

28
Q

Define punishment

A

Application of an aversive stimulus

29
Q

Define extinction

A

The gradual dissipation of behaviour following the termination or removal of positive reinforcement

30
Q

When does extinction work best?

A

When coupled with the reinforcement of some desired substitute behaviour

31
Q

Give an example of punishment

A

Punish whoever engages in unethical competition behaviours by being find for half a month’s salary

32
Q

Give an example of extinction

A

Stop rewarding unethical competitors

33
Q

When does reinforcement work best and most efficiently?

A

When applied directly after the desired behaviour and frequently

34
Q

What does reinforcement last long-term?

A

When applied some of the time and some time after the behaviour occurs

35
Q

What is social cognitive theory?

A

SCT emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in regulating people’s behaviour

36
Q

How to people learn?

A
  1. Observing the behaviour of others
  2. Considering their own self-efficacy
  3. Self-regulating their own behaviour
37
Q

How do you self-regulate your own behaviour?

A
  1. Envision the consequences of their actions
  2. Setting goals, and forming beliefs about attaining them
  3. Monitoring performance
  4. Reinforcing own desired behaviours
38
Q

Define observational learning

A

The process of imitating the behaviour of others

39
Q

What is the process of observational learning?

A
  1. Examine the behaviour of other
  2. See the consequences they experience
  3. Imagine what would happen if we act the same way
  4. Imitating the behaviour if we expect favourable consequences; withholding behaviour is we expect bad consequence
40
Q

What traits are we most likely to imitate?

A

Attractive, credible, competent, high-status people

41
Q

Define self-efficacy

A

Beliefs people have about their ability to successfully perform a specific task; they can be changed and modified in response to different sources of information

42
Q

What does self-efficacy influence?

A
  1. The activities people choose to perform
  2. The amount of effort and persistence devoted to a task
  3. Affective and stress reactions
  4. Job performance
43
Q

How can you influence self-efficacy?

A

You can influence people to increase their efficacy by showing them that they can do it

BU 288 (16 decks)

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