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BU 288 > Groups and Teamwork > Flashcards

Groups and Teamwork Flashcards

1
Q

Define social facilitation

A

The tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others

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2
Q

Define social inhibition

A

The tendency to perform tasks worse or slower in the presence of others

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3
Q

When is social facilitation true?

A

For easy tasks

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4
Q

When is social facilitation false?

A

For difficult tasks

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5
Q

When is social inhibition true?

A

For difficult tasks

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6
Q

When is social inhibition false?

A

For easy tasks

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7
Q

Define organization

A

Social inventions for accomplishing goals through group effort

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8
Q

Define group

A

Consists of two or more people interacting interdependently to achieve a common goal

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9
Q

What are the two types of groups?

A
  1. Formal groups

2. Informal groups

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10
Q

How are formal groups formed?

A

They are assigned by the organization

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11
Q

How are informal groups formed?

A

They spontaneously emerge

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12
Q

Why do informal groups spontaneously emerge?

A
  1. Friendships and support groups
  2. Common interests
  3. In response to challenges (eg. unions)
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13
Q

Why do companies assign teams?

A
  1. Projects might require a team

2. Just because

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14
Q

Why do companies sometimes assign a group when none is needed?

A

There’s an idea that teams can sometimes be better, but there are also a lot of problems that come with social and group work that needs to be taken into consideration

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15
Q

What are the three types of interdependence?

A
  1. Task interdependence
  2. Goal interdependence
  3. Outcome interdependence
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16
Q

What are the problems with task interdependence?

A

If the person before you didn’t finish their task properly or on time, that person can hold up the entire group

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17
Q

What are the advantages of goal interdependence?

A

If everyone in a team identifies with a higher order goal, it can increase motivation and cooperation within the group

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18
Q

What are the problems with goal interdependence?

A

Differences between people and how enthusiastic they are; the people who are not as motivated will be annoyed with their work (the opposite can also happen; if one person has a high level of motivation and tries to lead the group, they can annoy the rest of the group)

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19
Q

What are the four types of tasks?

A
  1. Additive
  2. Disjunctive
  3. Conjunctive
  4. Compensatory
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20
Q

Describe additive tasks

A

When the sum total matters: the group performance depends on the sum of performance of all individual group members

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21
Q

Give an example of an additive task

A

Fundraising

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22
Q

How does the performance of an additive task change with the size of the group?

A

Performance increases with size

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23
Q

Describe disjunctive tasks

A

When the best contributor matters: when the group performance is maximized by the performance of the best skilled member of the team

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24
Q

Give an example of a disjunctive task

A

Coming up with an innovative design for a new product

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25
Q

How does the performance of a disjunctive task change with the size of the group?

A

Performance improves with size

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26
Q

Describe conjunctive tasks

A

When the worst contributor matters: when group performance is limited by the performance of the least skilled group member

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27
Q

Give an example of a conjunctive task

A

Quality control: you have a group of people doing quality control and one person doesn’t do a very good job and misses some defects, and they have to do an entire product recall

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28
Q

How does the performance of a conjunctive task change with the size of the group?

A

Performance decreases with size

29
Q

Describe compensatory tasks

A

The average of all members: when the group performance is averaged among all the members of the group

30
Q

Give an example of a compensatory task

A

Sports teams

31
Q

How does the performance of a compensatory task change with the size of the group?

A

Performance aligns with the average

32
Q

What are the five stages of group development?

A
  1. Forming
  2. Storming
  3. Norming
  4. Performing
  5. Adjourning
33
Q

Define the forming stage

A

When the group gets together for the first time

34
Q

What are the features of the forming stage?

A
  1. Trying to orient self to group
  2. Figuring out other members
  3. Avoiding conflicts
  4. Figuring out purpose
35
Q

Define the storming stage

A

When the group sorts out roles and responsibilities

36
Q

What are the features of the storming stage?

A
  1. Disagreement and conflict
  2. Do we accept the goals?
  3. Do we agree with the plan?
  4. Do we like our role?
  5. Diverse groups might take longer on this stage
37
Q

Define the norming stage

A

When the initial fun and conflict of the group settles down

38
Q

What are the features of the norming stage?

A
  1. Group becomes cohesive
  2. Consensus develops
  3. Rules established (informal)
  4. How to move forward
  5. Clarify expectations
39
Q

Define the performing stage

A

When the group does the actual work

40
Q

What are the features of the performing stage?

A

Most likely to happen in this stage:

  1. Achievement
  2. Creativity
  3. Helping
  4. Cooperation
41
Q

Define the adjourning stage

A

When the task is finished; the group may disband

42
Q

What are the features of the adjourning stage?

A
  1. Celebrating success

2. Consoling failure

43
Q

What is the Punctuated Equilibrium Model?

A

A model that looks at how work progresses through the lifespan of the group

44
Q

What are the three steps of the Punctuated Equilibrium Model?

A
  1. Phase 1
  2. Midpoint
  3. Phase 2
45
Q

Describe Phase 1

A

The first meeting; the agenda is set for the task or project

46
Q

Describe the Midpoint

A

Occurs about halfway through the process; signals a change in the group’s approach to the project. This is critical for the group’s progress. It crystallises the agenda for phase 2

47
Q

What are the cons of member diversity?

A
  1. Longer group development process
  2. More conflict and confusion
  3. Miscommunication
  4. Difficulty in reaching agreements
48
Q

What are the pros of member diversity?

A
  1. More creative and more open
  2. Multiple perspectives
  3. Increased flexibility
  4. Better problem-solving skills
49
Q

What are non-diverse groups called?

A

Homogeneous groups

50
Q

When are homogeneous groups well-suited to the task?

A
  1. For simple tasks
  2. For tasks that require cooperation
  3. For tasks that must be done quickly
51
Q

When are diverse groups well-suited to the task?

A
  1. For complex tasks
  2. For tasks that require creativity
  3. For tasks that need not be done quickly
52
Q

Define process gains

A

“Synergy:” the positive results on performance as a result of group processes

53
Q

Define process losses

A

The negative results on performance as a result of group processes

54
Q

Explain how group processes can result in process gains

A

With groups, you have more resources and more ability to perform and make decisions. You can effectively and efficiently coordinate efforts

55
Q

Explain how group processes can result in process losses

A

Teamwork can be less productive than expected from a sum of individual members. Group processes can slow production

56
Q

Define social loafing

A

When people do less work when they’re in a group

57
Q

What are the two types of social loafing?

A
  1. Free rider effect

2. Sucker effect

58
Q

Define the free rider effect

A

When people take advantage of being in a group; they reduce their effort. They trust that someone will do the work even if they don’t

59
Q

Define the sucker effect

A

When people put in less effort because they predict that other people will free ride. They don’t want those people to take advantage of all their effort, so to keep things “fair” they will reduce their work

60
Q

What are the five forms of process losses?

A
  1. Social loafing
  2. Evaluation apprehension
  3. Production blocking
  4. Groupthink
  5. Group polarization
61
Q

Define production blocking

A

The idea that people need to wait in order to contribute their ideas; while one person is sharing their ideas, five other people are waiting to share theirs, or multiple people are talking over each other. This is not a good use of time

62
Q

What are some solutions to social loafing?

A
  1. Make contributions identifiable
  2. Give individual evaluations
  3. Assign unique tasks
63
Q

What are some solutions to evaluation apprehension?

A
  1. Brainstorm in private

2. Anonymous submissions

64
Q

What are some solutions to production blocking?

A

Electronic brainstorming: people work separately and then come together and share their ideas afterwards

65
Q

Define groupthink

A

When everyone in the group tends to agree in public but they might not in private; when there is pressure to conform and go along with the group

66
Q

Define group polarization

A

When group discussion/process polarizes or exaggerates the initial position of the group

67
Q

What are some solutions to groupthink and group polarization?

A
  1. Hold group members accountable
  2. Improving communication and information sharing
  3. Diversity
68
Q

What are some ways that groups can improve their communication and information sharing?

A
  1. Devil’s advocate
  2. Different perspectives
  3. Set norms for communication
  4. Outside observers

BU 288 (16 decks)

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