Motivation, emotion, Moral development, and stress UNIT 4

Question 1

What the hell is motivation?

Answer 1

A psychological process that directs and maintains behavior toward a goal.

Question 2

What is a motive?

Answer 2

Needs or desires that energize behavior.

Question 3

What is instinct?

Answer 3

Complex inherited behavior patterns characteristic of a species that is unlearned.

Question 4

Imprinting

Answer 4

An attachment to the first moving thing seen or heard after birth (for birds).

Question 5

What is drive-reduction theory

Answer 5

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Question 6

What is homeostasis?

Answer 6

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Question 7

What is a need?

Answer 7

A necessity, especially a physiological one.

Question 8

What is desire?

Answer 8

Something that is wanted, but not needed.

Question 9

What is a primary drive?

Answer 9

Innate drives such as hunger and thirst.

Question 10

What is a secondary drive?

Answer 10

Drives that are learned through conditioning such as working for money.

Question 11

What is arousal?

Answer 11

The level of alertness, wakefulness, an activation caused by activity in the CNS.

Question 12

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 12

People perform best at a moderate level of arousal.

Question 13

What is sensation seeking

Answer 13

Searching for a certain level of sympathetic nervous system of arousal.

Question 14

What is the incentive theory

Answer 14

People are motivated by a desire to obtain external incentives.

Question 15

What is an incentive?

Answer 15

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

Question 16

What is a primary incentive?

Answer 16

It motivates behavior that satisfies physiological needs.

Question 17

What is a secondary incentive?

Answer 17

It motivates behavior to satisfy a desire.

Question 18

What is cognitive theory?

Answer 18

People are motivated by their own desires, thoughts, goals, and expectations.

Question 19

What is an intrinsic motivation?

Answer 19

Doing something you generally like to do

Question 20

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 20

Doing something because of the promise of a reward or the threat of punishment.

Question 21

What is the overjustification effect?

Answer 21

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do and then losing interest in it.

Question 22

What is the hierarchy of needs?

Answer 22

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs. Begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Question 23

What is achievement?

Answer 23

The drive to succeed, especially when in competition.

Question 24

What is sociobiology?

Answer 24

Relates social behaviors to evolutionary biology.

Question 25

What is emotion?

Answer 25

A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

Question 26

What is the James-Lange theory?

Answer 26

Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Question 27

What is the Cannon-Bard theory (Thalamic Theory)?

Answer 27

An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Question 28

What is Schachter-Singer’s theory (Schachter-Two Factor)?

Answer 28

To experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Question 29

What is cognitive-Appraisal Theory?

Answer 29

Our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in.

Question 30

What is a primary appraisal?

Answer 30

Appraise a situation of whether or not you want to do something based on the consequences.

Question 31

What is a secondary appraisal?

Answer 31

Deciding to do something based on the primary appraisal and your current emotion.

Question 32

What is valence?

Answer 32

How pleasant something is.

Question 33

What is the feel-good do-good phenomenon?

Answer 33

When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.

Question 34

What is well-being?

Answer 34

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Question 35

What is tend and befriend?

Answer 35

Behavior exhibited by some animals, including humans, when under threat. It refers to the protection of offspring (tending) and seeking out the social group for mutual defense (befriending).

Question 36

What is the adaptation-level phenomenon?

Answer 36

Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Question 37

Relative deprivation?

Answer 37

The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

Question 38

Behavioral medicine?

Answer 38

An interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease.

Question 39

Health psychology?

Answer 39

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.