Motivation, agression, social facilitation Flashcards
What is aggression
Intent to harm outside the rules; hostile behavior.
It is deliberate, reactive and hostile
What is assertion
Well-motivated behavior within the rules
It is goal-directed and controlled
What is instrumental aggression
Intent to harm but within the rules e.g boxing
What is instinct theory
- We have natural traits or predisposition to be aggressive
- We are genetically programmed to defend ourselves and in sport our territory
- Theorist believe aggression builds up within us
- If provoked enough we will react aggressively
This leads to a cathartic release and then we calm
What are the drawbacks of instinct theory
- Doesn’t consider environmental effect
- Social learning
- Suggest all humans are inherently aggressive which isn’t true
What is frustration aggression hypothesis
- When a performer has a goal blocked they become frustrated
- Frustration always leads to an aggressive response
- Once the aggressive act had been carried out this will have a cathartic effect reducing frustration and aggression
- If the peformer is unable to release their aggression frustration builds up leading to increased aggressive drive
The performer is likely to retaliate later in the competition
What are the drawbacks of frustration agression hypothesis
- Doesn’t account for perfomers who act aggressively without a goal being blocked
- Or performers that have their goals blocked but do not react aggressively
What is aggressive cue hypothesis
- Updated version of the Frustration-aggression hypothesis
- When a goal is blocked arousal levels increase and the perfomer experinces frustration
- Performer then ready for an aggressive act rather than it being inevitable
- An aggressive act will only happen in learned cues or triggers are present
What are the four types of motivation
Intrinsic, extrinsic, tangible, intangible
What is achievement motivation
How much desire a player has to keep on trying to succeed
What is NACH also known as
Approach behaviour
What is NAF also known as
Avoid behaviour
Characteristics of approach behavior
Welcome competition
Confident
Attribute success internally
Value feedback
Want to improve and be the best
Approach behavior
Not afraid to fail
Task persistent
Take risks
Characteristics of avoid behavior
Dislike feedback
Lack confidence
Avoidance behavior
Take the easy option
Give up early
Avoid 50/50 challenges
What is achievement goal theory
Motivation and task persistence depends on type of goals set by the perfomer and how thye measure success
How to develop approach behaviour
1)Reinforcement - praise and rewards
2)Attribute success internally - you won because of the amount of effort you put in
3)Allowing success in training - Drills with no defence in basketball
4)Improve confidence
5)Goal setting
What are outcome oriented goals
Based on beating others. Doesn’t matter how, however if not achieved confidence can be lowered
What are task related goals
Process of success, measured against own standards, success can be achieved regardless of result confidence therefore is maintained
What is social facilitation
The behavioural effects due to the presence of others (BEDTOP)
What does zajoncs model suggest
Zajonc suggested four types of others split into two categories.
What are passive others in zjonc’s model
They do not interact with the performer
What are interactive others in zjonc’s model
Communicate directly with the performer
What are the audience in zjonc’s model
Those people who are watching either as spectators at the event or at home on TV.
For example
* TV audience
* Silent crowd during tee-off in golf
Scout
What are co-actors in zjonc’s model
Perform at the same time but are not in direct competition.
For example
* Seeing another cyclist makes you speed up and overtake them
Another player on a badminton court/team mate
What are competitive co-actors in zjonc’s model
Those in direct competition with the performer.
The oppositions
For example
Swimmers in the same race in direct competition
What are social reinforcers in zjonc’s model
Those with a direct influence on the performer.
For example:
* The coach * Emotive supporters
Explain zjonc’s model of social facilitation
With people surrounding the performer it leads to and increased arousal and drive. This means that the probability of the performer using their dominant response increases. A novice is more likely to have a wrong dominant response and therefore leads to social inhibition. Whereas an autonomous learner is likely to have the correct dominant response and therefore social facilitation occurs.
What is social inhibition
Negative influence on performance, caused by the presence of others during performance
What is the weakness of social facilitation
Not all performers are affected by the presence of others
What is evaluation apprehension
Perceived fear of being judged
What are the other factors that cause evaluation apprehension
- Knowledgeable audience (scout)
- Significant others (parents)
- Supportive or abusive audience
- If the performer naturally has high trait anxiety
- Low self-efficacy
Ways to combat social inhibition
- Mental rehersal
- Train in front of others and increase the numbers
- Selective attention to cut out audience
- Reduce importance of event
- Avoid social comparison
- Encourage team mates to be supportive
- Increase self-efficacy
- Gradually introduce evaluation
- Stress management techniques and relaxation
- Use attributions correctly
- Ensure skills are over-learned to encourage the dominant habit to occur as arousal levels increase
