Motivation Flashcards
What is Motivation?
Motivation is the extent to which persistent effort is directed towards a goal. It requires PERSISTENCE, EFFORT, and a GOAL.
What is Performance controlled by?
Motivation and Ability.
What is a content-based theory?
People’s needs motivate their behaviour. For example, Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs.
What is a process-based theory?
Cognitivy processes influence motivation. For exaple, Expectancy Theory
What is a contemporary theory of Motivation?
Self-determination Theory, Goal-Setting Theory.
What is Maslow’s Needs Heirarchy?
Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love, esteem, self-actualization.
What are the problems with Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs?
The order is subjective and varies between cultures.
What is McCelland’s Theory of Needs?
Need for Achievment, Need for Power, Need for Affiliation. There is no order to these three needs (unlike in Maslow’s Heirarchy)
What is Expectancy Theory?
Motivation = f(Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence)
Expectance: Greater effort leads to greater performance,
Instrumentality: Greater performance leads to rewards.
Valence: Rewards are satisfying.
What are Expectance, Instrumentality and Valence?
They are the determinants of motivation in Expectancy Theory.
Expectance: Effort-> Performance
Instrumentality: Performance -> Rewards
Valence: Rewards -> Satisfaction
What determines Expectance in Expectancy Theory?
Expectance says whether effort leads to performance. For this to happen, we need ability, well defined performance goals and a trustworthy performance evaluation system.
What determines Instrumentality in Expectancy Theory?
Instrumentality measures whether Performance leads to rewards. For this to happen, we need well-understood, trustworthy and fair rewards.
People are hyper-sensitive to violations of fairness (for example the monkeys who like grapes!)
What is the Universal Motivator?
Money. However, Contemporary Theories argue that this isn’t neccessarily true: people need different rewards.
What is Self-Determination Theory?
There are two kinds of motivation: Intrinsic and Extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation has stronger effects on performance.
What theory argues that money may lower performance?
Self-Determination Theory says that money is an extrinsic motivator. Extrinsic motivators undermine intrinsic motivation, which could lead to lower performance.
What evidence is there against Self-Determination Theory?
S-D Theory argues that extrinsic motivation (money) can undermine intrinsic motivation and lower performance. Sometimes extrinsic motivation can have a small effect. However, extrinsic motivation seems to always increase performance.
What increases Self-Determination related motivation?
Intrinsic Motivation can be boosted using FREELY-CHOSEN ACTIVITIES. For example, Google’s 20% time.
What factors give intrinsic motivation?
Recognition.
Is Money a universal motivator?
Yes. Money (an extrinsic motivator) always increases performance. However, intrinsic motivation can also be very powerful. Money leads to the incentivised behaviour being common, which can have unintended consequences.
What is equity theory?
People hate unfair rewards. Equity Theory says that people will be more motivated if they percieve reward systems as being fair.
What is Goal-setting theory?
Goal-setting theory says that specific and challenging but achievable goals with appropriate feedback help to motivate higher performance.
What theory says that people are demotivated by unfair rewards?
Equity theory.
What theory says that people are motivated by specific and challenging but achievable goals with appropriate feedback?
Goal-setting theory.
Need for Power, Need for Affiliation and Need for Achievment are in which theory?
McCelland’s Theory of Needs.
What are the parts of Expectancy Theory?
Expectance, Instrumentality, Valence. Essentially ‘is performenace improved’, ‘is improvement rewarded’ and ‘are rewards motivating’
How might unequal rewards affect motivation? To which theory does this belong?
Reduces motivation - Equity Theory.
Peoples needs motivate them. What kinds of theories are these?
Content-based theories
Human cognition affects motivation. What kinds of theories are these?
Process-based theories
Self-determination and goal-setting are what kind of theory?
Contemporary theories.
What is Social Exchange Theory?
People give negative feedback if they recieve negative feedback. This is called the Reciprocity Norm.
What is the Reciprocity Norm?
The tendency to give negative feedback if you recieve negative feedback.
‘Negative feedback causes someone to give negative feedback’. To what theory does this belong?
Social Exchange Theory.
In Social Exchange Theory, the ____ is universal.
Reciprocity Norm.
