Culture

Question 1

What is the socialisation Process?

Answer 1

Prearrival
Encounter
Metamorphosis

Question 2

What is Reverse Causality?

Give a Theory.

Answer 2

Reverse Causality means than organisational cultures can change us and we join cultures that we fit in to.

PO Fit Theory: People are attracted to and chosen by organizations based on the match or fit between employee personality and organizational culture.

Question 3

What is ASA?

Answer 3

Attraction, Selection, Attrition Model of joining a culture.

Question 4

What is Socialization?

Answer 4

A person adapts to the culture that they have entered. It has three stages: Pre-Arrival, Encounter, Meta-morphosis.

Question 5

What are the three stages of socialization?

Answer 5

Pre-Arrival: Learning about the culture before entering it
Encounter: Learns culture by observing others in the culture
Meta-morphosis: Culture becomes subconcious and completely natural

Question 6

What is PO Fit?

Answer 6

Person-Organisation Fit, that people will choose AND BE CHOSEN BY organisations where they fit in.

Question 7

Contrast Socialization and ASA.

Answer 7

Socialization: People will change to fit in to the culture.
ASA: People will choose, be chosen by, and selectively leave. People don’t fit into every culture.

Question 8

How are PO Fit and ASA related?

Answer 8

PO Fit addresses Attraction and Selection of ASA. ASA also says that misfits will leave (attrition).

Question 9

What is Cultural Transfer Perspective?

Answer 9

This is JOON’S PAPER. It says leaders come into new workplaces and try to create a FUNCTIONAL culture. However, they have BOUNDED RATIONALITY and suffer from AVAILABILITY BIAS.

Consequently, the culture they create is based on their past experience.

Question 10

What is Leader-Trait Perspective?

Answer 10

The leader’s PERSONALITY selects the culture.

Question 11

What is Functionality Perspective?

Answer 11

Cultures that exist have stood the test of time so must be useful for survival.

Question 12

‘Leaders attempt to create a Functional Perspective’

From what theory is this?

Answer 12

Cultural Transfer Perspective. This is from Joon’s paper.

Question 13

What is a culture?

Answer 13

A system of shared beliefs and assumptions implicitly held by members in a group.

Question 14

What is an organisational culture?

Answer 14

A system of shared beliefs and assumptions implicitly held by employees in an organisation.

Question 15

Give some examples of cultural characteristics.

Answer 15

Individualism  Collectivism
Adaptability  Detail orientation
Results Orientated  People Orientated
Collaboration 
Integrity

Question 16

What is Cultural Strength

Answer 16

The degree to which a set of cultural characteristics are enforced by the group

Question 17

What is Cultural Tightness/Looseness?

Answer 17

The degree to which a group enforces norms and rules.

Question 18

Culture is an _____ control system

Answer 18

Culture is an IMPLICIT control system

Question 19

What are the two types of control system?

Answer 19

Implicit (Culture) and Explicit (Rules, Laws)

Explicit control systems are very specific, so implicit control systems fill in the gaps.

Question 20

What is a cultural artifact?

Answer 20

What you see hear and feel about a culture. For example, language, symboly, stories/myths, dress etc.

Question 21

What advantages does a good PO Fit bring?

Answer 21

Increased likelihood of being promoted
Increased job satisfaction
Increased job performance
Increased well-being in the workplace

Question 22

What is the functionality perspective?

Answer 22

Cultures are created to be beneficial to groups. Cultural Darwinism ‘The fittest cultures survive over time’. Evidence is that groups that suffered shocks in the past often have tighter cultures.

Question 23

What is the Leader-trait Perspective?

Answer 23

A leader’s personality decides the group’s culture.

Question 24

What is cultural transfer?

Answer 24

Leaders create their groups’ cultures based on their past experience in their former groups. THIS IS JOON’S PAPER!

Question 25

What are the Leader Perspectives of culture? (there are 2)

Answer 25

A leader determines the group’s culture. In Leader-trait theory, the culture is based on their personality. In Cultural-Transfer theory, the culture is based on their prior experience.

Question 26

Why is a cultural transfer culture not the same as a functional culture?

Answer 26

Leaders may choose the culture that they think is most functional, but they suffer from bounded rationality and availability bias and so the culture they create is imperfect.

Question 27

Give evidence for the functionality perspective.

Answer 27

Cultures that have had external threats are generally tighter to protect themselves.

Question 28

Why is the functionality perspective flawed? (The answer relates to cultures that are older)

Answer 28

Cultures can suffer from inertia, and so cultures that were good for survival in the past are not suited to the modern situation.

Question 29

‘A culture that is older may not have changed much to reflect the new situation’. What culture perspective does this undermine?

Answer 29

Functionality Perspective.

Question 30

Myths, uniforms, rituals are all examples of what?

Answer 30

Cultural artifacts

Question 31

What theory has pre-arrival, encounter and metamorphosis?

Answer 31

Socialization Theory

Question 32

“A leader’s personality decides the group’s culture.” To which theory does this belong?

Answer 32

Leader-Trait Theory

Question 33

“Cultures arise to help groups to survive”. To what theory does this belong?

Answer 33

Functionality Perspective.

Question 34

“People choose and are chosen by organisations where they would fit in”. To what theory does this belong?

Answer 34

Person-Organisation Fit Theory (PO Fit)

Question 35

What is Reverse Causality?

Answer 35

We determine which cultures we join, and are more likely to join cultures where we fit in.

Question 36

PO Fit is an example of ___ Causality.

Answer 36

Reverse Causality. ASA is also an example of Reverse Causality.

Question 37

PO Fit and ASA are examples of Reverse Causality. What is an example of ‘normal’ causality?

Answer 37

The socialisation process: Pre-arrival, Encounter, Metamorphosis.