Motivation

Question 1

Definition of Motivation

Answer 1

A set of energetic forces that originate in and beyond an individual to initiate work-related behavior and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration

Question 2

Self-Determination Theory (ABC’s)

Answer 2

theory of motivation highlighting beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and harmful effects of extrinsic motivation. Assumes people seek three things which motivate behavior (ABC)

1. Autonomy
2. Belonging (relatedness)
3. Competence

Question 3

Equity Theory

Answer 3

The comparison that individuals make to determine if what they are receiving is fair compared to the amount they
are giving
~ sees motivation as resulting from comparison of one’s own inputs and outcomes to that of their peers.

Question 4

Organizational Justice Theory (3 kinds)

Answer 4

~ How fair an employee believes the employer is to its employees.

1. Distributive
2. Procedural
3. Interpersonal

Question 5

Distributive Justice

Answer 5

~ perceived fairness of amount and allocation of rewards among individuals

Question 6

Procedural Justice

Answer 6

~ perceived fairness of process used to determine outcome

Question 7

Interpersonal Justice

Answer 7

~ perceived degree to which one is treated with dignity and respect

Question 8

Expectancy Theory

Answer 8

~ theory that says that strength of tendency to act in a certain way depends on three things..

1. Expectancy
2. Valence
3. Instrumentality

Question 9

Expectancy Theory: Expectancy

Answer 9

~ the extent to which individuals believe that their efforts will lead to their desired performance

Question 10

Expectancy Theory: Valence

Answer 10

~ defines the value that a person places on that reward.

Question 11

Expectancy Theory: Instrumentality

Answer 11

~ reflects whether individuals expect their performance to lead to an outcome or reward

Question 12

Goal-setting Theory (influenced by 3 factors)

Answer 12

~ motivational theory says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance

1. Goal commitment
2. Task Characteristics
3. National Culture

Question 13

Goal-Setting Theory: Goal Commitment

Answer 13

~ determination of a person to reach his/her goals

Question 14

Goal-Setting Theory: Task Commitment

Answer 14

~ goals more effective with simple tasks v. complex tasks, well-learned rather than novel. For interdependent tasks, group goals better

Question 15

Goal-Setting Theory: National Culture

Answer 15

~ some cultures, moderately difficult goals more effective than more difficult ones

Question 16

Self-efficacy

Answer 16

an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task

Question 17

Four things self-efficacy is increased through:

Answer 17

1. Enactive mastery (successful performance in challenging tasks increase belief in one’s ability and vice versa)
2. Vicarious modeling (“if s/he can do it, I can do it”)
3. Verbal persuasion (people are encouraged by others who express confidence in them)
4. Arousal (stress/fatigue can be interpreted as the task exceeds my capabilities – reducing self efficacy. Reducing stress can increase feelings of competence/self efficacy)

Question 18

Job Characteristics Model

Answer 18

Skill variety
Task identity
Task significance
Autonomy
Feedback

Question 19

Affect circumplex model

Answer 19

~ emotions differ in terms of activation and arousal