Motivation

Question 1

Why do voluntary actions occur?

Answer 1

to satisfy a physiological or abstract need

Question 2

How does the hypothalamus control homeostasis?

Answer 2

by detecting changes and producing responses using hormones, the ANS and somatic motor responses

Question 3

If the body is lacking in glucose, what will you seek out?

Answer 3

food

Question 4

How and where is energy stored in the body?

Answer 4

glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles, triglycerides in adipose tissue

Question 5

Anabolic metabolism refers to the ______ of macromolecules from smaller precursors. _______ metabolism refers to the breaking down of macromolecules into smaller precursors

Answer 5

assembly; Catabolic

Question 6

The ______ state is when the bloodstream is filled with nutrients after a meal.

Answer 6

prandial

Question 7

The _______ state is after complete digestion and absorption of the meal.

Answer 7

postabsorptive

Question 8

Absorption occurs during the ______ state.

Answer 8

postprandial

Question 9

Have a greater outtake of energy than intake results in ______

Answer 9

starvation

Question 10

Adipocytes produce _______, a hormone that signals to _____ and ______

Answer 10

leptin; stop feeding; increase metabolism

Question 11

Circulating leptin targets the _______ of the hypothalamus.

Answer 11

arcuate nucleus

Question 12

Low leptin levels stimulate neurons in the arcuate nucleus to release ______ and _______

Answer 12

neuropeptide Y; agouti-related peptide

Question 13

NPY and AgRP project to the lateral hypothalamus and paraventricular nucleus to _____ and _______

Answer 13

increase feeding; activate the parasympathetic ANS

Question 14

______ is an agonist that inhibits feeding. ______ is its antagonist. Both are regulated by _____ levels.

Answer 14

alpha MSH; AgRP; leptin

Question 15

Anorectic peptides _____ appetite and ______ energy expenditure. ______ peptides do the opposite.

Answer 15

decrease; increase; orexigenic

Question 16

Orexigenic peptides are inhibited by _____ factors, which triggers digestion.

Answer 16

satiety

Question 17

Orexigenic signals _____ as a meal approaches; they _____ and satiety signals ______ slowly after eating starts; ______ signals are highest after a meal, and _____ until the next meal

Answer 17

increase; decrease; increase; satiety; decrease

Question 18

What are the 3 phases of the body’s reaction to eating?

Answer 18

cephalic, gastric, substrate

Question 19

Which neurotransmitter signals a lack of food and triggers hunger?

Answer 19

ghrelin

Question 20

The sight and smell of food trigger the _____ and _____ divisions of the ANS during the cephalic phase.

Answer 20

parasympathetic; enteric

Question 21

Chewing, swallowing and digesting food triggers the gastric phase, initiating the signal to ______.

Answer 21

stop eating

Question 22

______ released by cells lining the stomach in response to food act on _____ to signal to stop feeding.

Answer 22

CCK; vagal sensory axons

Question 23

Insulin is used to ______ in the cell membrane.

Answer 23

insert glucose transporters

Question 24

An increase of insulin tells the body to ______ glucose. A decrease in insulin causes blood glucose levels to ______

Answer 24

store; increase

Question 25

Insulin is produced during the ______ phase, secreted during the _______ phase, and ______ during the substrate phase to signal the body to store glucose.

Answer 25

cephalic; gastric; increases

Question 26

A decrease in glucose is detected by _____ and _____, which increase the drive to eat.

Answer 26

NPY; AgRP

Question 27

What needs to we fulfill by eating?

Answer 27

metabolic, hedonic

Question 28

Dopamine is involved in _____ reward, but has no effect on the hedonic aspect of rewarding activity.

Answer 28

predicting

Question 29

Dopamine is associated with the learning and reinforcement of ______ behaviours, a system hijacked by drugs of abuse.

Answer 29

survival

Question 30

An increase in serotonin _____ appetite, and vice versa.

Answer 30

decreases