Motivation

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

the factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity and resistance of behavour

Question 2

What are sources of motivation?

Answer 2

Physiological (Food,water,sex)

Cognitive (perception of world and what we can and cannot do)

Social (influence of friends, family,ect)

Emotional (anxiety, rage, sorrow)

Question 3

What is the instinct theory?`

Answer 3

views biological or genetic programming as the cause of motivation. This claim means that all humans have the same motivations due to our similar biological programming. This theory says that the root of all motivations is the motivation to survive.

Instinct: relatively fixed pattern of behaviour produced without learning

Question 4

What is York-Dawson Law?

Answer 4

an empirical relationship between arousal and performance

The law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point.

Question 5

What is the Drive Reduction theory?

Answer 5

drive reduction is a major cause of learning and behavior.

homeostasis

When you want or need something your body is driving you, stimulate by deprivation needs

Primary Drives: Biological drives (feelings hungry, thirsty)

Secondary Drives: Fulfillment of learned drives (heading to work for $$$)

Need for food, water –> Drive hunger thirst –> drive reduction behaviors

Question 6

What is incentives and rewards?

Answer 6

Incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that can motivate behaviour

Reward: activation of drive states by external forces, such as rewards for performing behaviour, instead of deprivation needs

Question 7

What is wanting and liking?

Answer 7

Wanting: Being attracted to an incentive

Liking: evaluation of pleasurable stimulus is

Wanting is far more powerful

- pursuit more enjoyable 
- resources to hobbie

Question 8

What is the parental investment theory and how does this effect males and females differently?

Answer 8

Parental investment is any parental expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one offspring at a cost to parents’ ability to invest in other components of fitness, and is thus a form of sexual selection

FOR MALES:

• times energy and risk low
• reproductive success maxed by more partners with high potential
• Youth and attractivensss sought for

FOR FEMALES:

• time, engery and risks low
• reproductive success by partners willing to invest resources into offspring
• fewer partners look for income and status

Question 9

What are some biologically contributions to motivation?

Answer 9

SELFISH GENE (DAWKINS)
genes drive behaviour as a means of ensuring their longevity across generations 

Facial Attractiveness:
Symmetry an indication of partners health of good genes
greater symmetry = higher attractiveness

Sexual Orientation
1.6m/0.8f gay
8.6m/15.1 sexually attracted to same sex
heritability of sexual orientation

Question 10

What is attachment motivation?

Answer 10

Attachment motivation: need to have closeness with another individual

Intimacy: disclosure to mutual caring, often in adult relationships

 - different affiliation = boarder social network 
 - individual differences in prefrences

Question 11

What is achievement motivation?

Answer 11

as the need for success or the attainment of excellence. Individuals will satisfy their needs through different means, and are driven to succeed for varying reasons both internal and external.

Intrinsic Motivation: Obtaining sense of internalized satisfaction. No apparent reward expect involvement in itself.

Extrinsic Motivation: Obtaining external awards. Status of ones job, praise of peers, money. Associated with more pressure/tension.

Question 12

Deci experiment on how rewards can influence motivation?

Answer 12

Asked students to complete soma puzzle experimental groups were offered money, control group did not. There was a noted difference between groups, those provided with reward spent less time on puzzle when the experiment was not around.

This reward stifled the instrint pleasure.

Question 13

What did cameron and pierce find?

Answer 13

Meta analysis says otherwise.

Indicate no real influence of external rewards on instrinct motivation

verbal rewards improve instrict.

Question 14

What is the self determination theory?

Answer 14

Ryan And Deci

Three needs that if satisfied allow optimal growth and function

• Competence: control outcome, experience mastery
• Relatedness: want to interact
• Autonomy: own life

intercity of self concept

Question 15

What are the needs for achievement (nAch)

Answer 15

HIGH NACH:
Activities that require planning, responsibility, clear feedback

LOW NACH:
choose task to easy or too hard

Question 16

Limitations of Maslows heiracy of needs?

Answer 16

Does not explain how individuals can forego lower order needs to focus on higher order needs

Physio and safety needs fufilment vary across cultures.

Question 17

What is the Existence, Growth and relatedness theory?

Answer 17

Basic material existence requirements of human, not stepped like maslows importance varies by each person

- can satisfy simultaneously 
- higher need remain unfufflied 

exsistence: physical needs (physio, safety)

Relatedness: interpersonal needs within personal / professional (social needs, esteem needs)

Growth: Persons needs of personal development (self aut)

Frustration-regression model: acknowledges that if a higher level need remains unfulfilled, the person may regress to lower level needs that appear easier to satisfy.
- Workers can see growth =socialising

Question 18

What motivational conflicts?

Answer 18

Approach/Avoidance: Attracted/repulsed by same stimulus
- Attracted to person but shy, back and forth

Approach/Approach: forced to choose between two good stimulus
- want two things, but can only afford one

Avoidance/ Avoidance: Two undesirable

 - lesser of two evils 
 - Caught between fire and river,
 - anxiety