Motivation 5 Flashcards
Motivation
Definition
-Driving force behind actions
Type:
-1. Extrinsic Motivation
I. ex. rewards/punishments
-2. Intrinsic Motivation
I. ex. interest/enjoymentMotivation Theories
- Instinct
- Arousal
- Drive-Reduction
- Need-Based
- Incentive
- Expectancy-Value
- Opponent-Process
- Sexual-Motivation
Instinct
Automatic, fixed patterns of behaviors displayed in response to stimuli
Ex. Grasp reflex of babies
Instinct Theory of Motivation
- People:
I. William James: developer
II. William McDougal: proponent - Idea:
I. Human actions and behaviors are driven by 20
physical & 17 mental instincts
Arousal
The physical and psychological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
Arousal Theory of Motivation
- Idea
I. People perform actions to
A. maintain an optimal level of arousal
B. increase arousal if lower than the optimal level
C. decrease arousal if higher than optimal level
II. A relationship exists b/w level of arousal and
quality of performance- (Yerkes-Dodson Law)–
displayed by a U-shaped curve
III. Optimal level of arousal depends on nature of task
A. High arousal is appropriate for physically
enduring activities
B. Relatively lower arousal level is appropriate for
highly complex cognitive tasks
Drive
- Definition:
An internal tension with a state of discomfort that
activates a particular set of behaviors - Types:
I. Primary
A. ex. Hunger/cold===>inc metabolism to restore
homeostasis
II. Secondary
A. ex. desire for love & achievement
Drive-Reduction Theory
- Idea
People engage in behaviors/actions to eliminate their
uncomfortable internal state of tension
Need
1. Definition:
A. A motivator that influences behavior
2. Types:
A. Maslow's Pyramid of Needs
I. Physiological
II. Safety/security
III. Belonging & Love
IV. Self-Esteem
V. Self-Actualization
B. Universal Needs
I. Autonomy
II. Competence
III. RelatednessRange of Physiological Needs
The need for
- Food
- Water
- Homeostasis
- Excretion
- Sex
- Sleep
Range of Safety/Security Needs
Need for security of
- Body
- Health
- Job
- Property
- Resources
- Family
- Morality
Range of Love/Belonging Needs
Need for
- Friendship
- Family
- Sexual Intercourse
Range of Self-esteem Needs
Need for
- Self-esteem
- Confidence
- Achievement
- Other’s respect
Range of Self-Actualization Needs
Need for trusting one’s ability in accomplishing difficult tasks, i.e.:
- Problem solving
- Creativity
- Acceptance of facts
- Lack of Prejudice
- Morality
- Spontaneity
Autonomy
The ability to be in control of one’s own actions and ideas
Competence
The ability to complete and excel at difficult tasks
Relatedness
The ability to feel accepted and needed in relationships
Need-Based Theories
1. Idea
A. Humans engage in actions and behaviors that
satisfy their needs
2. Types
1. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
2. Self-Determination TheoryMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory of Motivation
One of the need based theories of motivation that explains humans attempt to satisfy their hierarchy of needs, a pyramid with 5 levels, each of which is assigned a level of priority
Self-Determination Theory of Motivation
A need-based theory of motivation that justifies human’s actions in their attempt to satisfy their universal needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness
Incentive Theory of Motivation
Behavior is motivated by the desire to earn reward and the desire to avoid punishment
Expectancy-Value Theory of Motivation
Efforts and actions of an individual are functions of an individual’s expectancy of succeeding in achieving a goal and the individual’s perception of how valuable the goal is
Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation
Describes the reason behind continuous drug use as development of tolerance and withdrawal mechanism
Tolerance
Decreased sensitivity to a drug effect or other stimuli overtime
Sexual Motivation Theory of Motivation
Idea:
Human sexuality is influenced by
1. biological factors
A. Hormone Secretion [androgen, estrogen,
progesterone]
B. Smell
2. Cultural/Societal Norms
A. Type of sexual activity
B. Appropriate age
C. Sexual-partner
3. Perception of pleasure
4. Conditioning
