Motivation 5

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Definition 
       -Driving force behind actions
Type:
       -1. Extrinsic Motivation
             I. ex. rewards/punishments
       -2. Intrinsic Motivation
            I. ex. interest/enjoyment

Question 2

Motivation Theories

Answer 2

1. Instinct
2. Arousal
3. Drive-Reduction
4. Need-Based
5. Incentive
6. Expectancy-Value
7. Opponent-Process
8. Sexual-Motivation

Question 3

Instinct

Answer 3

Automatic, fixed patterns of behaviors displayed in response to stimuli

Ex. Grasp reflex of babies

Question 4

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Answer 4

1. People:
   I. William James: developer
   II. William McDougal: proponent
2. Idea:
   I. Human actions and behaviors are driven by 20
   physical & 17 mental instincts

Question 5

Arousal

Answer 5

The physical and psychological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 6

Arousal Theory of Motivation

Answer 6

1. Idea
   I. People perform actions to
   A. maintain an optimal level of arousal
   B. increase arousal if lower than the optimal level
   C. decrease arousal if higher than optimal level
   II. A relationship exists b/w level of arousal and
   quality of performance- (Yerkes-Dodson Law)–
   displayed by a U-shaped curve
   III. Optimal level of arousal depends on nature of task
   A. High arousal is appropriate for physically
   enduring activities
   B. Relatively lower arousal level is appropriate for
   highly complex cognitive tasks

Question 7

Drive

Answer 7

1. Definition:
   An internal tension with a state of discomfort that
   activates a particular set of behaviors
2. Types:
   I. Primary
   A. ex. Hunger/cold===>inc metabolism to restore
   homeostasis
   II. Secondary
   A. ex. desire for love & achievement

Question 8

Drive-Reduction Theory

Answer 8

1. Idea
   People engage in behaviors/actions to eliminate their
   uncomfortable internal state of tension

Question 9

Need

Answer 9

1. Definition: 
         A. A motivator that influences behavior
2. Types: 
        A. Maslow's Pyramid of Needs
                I. Physiological
               II. Safety/security
              III. Belonging & Love
             IV. Self-Esteem
              V. Self-Actualization
        B. Universal Needs
               I. Autonomy
              II. Competence
             III. Relatedness

Question 10

Range of Physiological Needs

Answer 10

The need for

1. Food
2. Water
3. Homeostasis
4. Excretion
5. Sex
6. Sleep

Question 11

Range of Safety/Security Needs

Answer 11

Need for security of

1. Body
2. Health
3. Job
4. Property
5. Resources
6. Family
7. Morality

Question 12

Range of Love/Belonging Needs

Answer 12

Need for

1. Friendship
2. Family
3. Sexual Intercourse

Question 13

Range of Self-esteem Needs

Answer 13

Need for

1. Self-esteem
2. Confidence
3. Achievement
4. Other’s respect

Question 14

Range of Self-Actualization Needs

Answer 14

Need for trusting one’s ability in accomplishing difficult tasks, i.e.:

1. Problem solving
2. Creativity
3. Acceptance of facts
4. Lack of Prejudice
5. Morality
6. Spontaneity

Question 15

Autonomy

Answer 15

The ability to be in control of one’s own actions and ideas

Question 16

Competence

Answer 16

The ability to complete and excel at difficult tasks

Question 17

Relatedness

Answer 17

The ability to feel accepted and needed in relationships

Question 18

Need-Based Theories

Answer 18

1. Idea
   A. Humans engage in actions and behaviors that 
       satisfy their needs
2. Types
    1. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
   2. Self-Determination Theory

Question 19

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory of Motivation

Answer 19

One of the need based theories of motivation that explains humans attempt to satisfy their hierarchy of needs, a pyramid with 5 levels, each of which is assigned a level of priority

Question 20

Self-Determination Theory of Motivation

Answer 20

A need-based theory of motivation that justifies human’s actions in their attempt to satisfy their universal needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Question 21

Incentive Theory of Motivation

Answer 21

Behavior is motivated by the desire to earn reward and the desire to avoid punishment

Question 22

Expectancy-Value Theory of Motivation

Answer 22

Efforts and actions of an individual are functions of an individual’s expectancy of succeeding in achieving a goal and the individual’s perception of how valuable the goal is

Question 23

Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation

Answer 23

Describes the reason behind continuous drug use as development of tolerance and withdrawal mechanism

Question 24

Tolerance

Answer 24

Decreased sensitivity to a drug effect or other stimuli overtime

Question 25

Sexual Motivation Theory of Motivation

Answer 25

``` Idea: Human sexuality is influenced by 1. biological factors A. Hormone Secretion [androgen, estrogen, progesterone] B. Smell 2. Cultural/Societal Norms A. Type of sexual activity B. Appropriate age C. Sexual-partner 3. Perception of pleasure 4. Conditioning ```