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Biology and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Neuropsychology

A

The study of the connection between the nervous system and behavior. Focuses on functions of brain regions

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2
Q

Three types of neurons in the Nervous System

A

Sensory, motor and interneurons

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3
Q

Another name for sensory neurons

A

Afferent

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4
Q

Another name for motor neurons

A

Efferent

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5
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

System that relays information to the source of stimuli while routing it simultaneously to the brain
Uses the spinal cord

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6
Q

2 Parts of Nervous System

A

CNS & PNS

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7
Q

2 Parts of CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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8
Q

Components of PNS

A

Spinal nerves

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9
Q

2 Divisions of PNS

A

Somatic and Autonomic NS

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10
Q

2 Divisions of Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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11
Q

3 Divisions of Brain (anatomically)

A

Hind, mid and forebrain

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12
Q

Parts of Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata and reticular formation

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13
Q

Parts of Midbrain

A

Inferior and Superior Colliculi

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14
Q

Parts of Forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex, Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System

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15
Q

Methods for Studying the Brain

A
  1. Lesions
  2. stimulation and activity measurement using EEG
  3. Regional Cerebral Blood flow
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16
Q

Function of Thalamus

A

Relay Station for Sensory Information

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17
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A 
Structure connected to the anterior pituitary and endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system 
Maintains homeostasis (T, metabolism)
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18
Q

Function of Basal Ganglia

A

Smoothens movements and maintains postural stability

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19
Q

Components of Limbic System

A

Septal Nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus

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20
Q

Function of the Limbic System

A

Controls emotion and memory

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21
Q

Function of Septal Nuclei

A

Involved in feeling of pleasure, pleasure seeking behavior and addiction

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22
Q

Function of Amygdala

A

Controls fear and aggression

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23
Q

Hippocampus

A

Aggregates memory and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through an extension known as fornix

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24
Q

4 Parts of Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

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25
Q

Functions of the Frontal Lobe

A

Responsible for executive functions, long-term planning, impulse control, speech production, motor function

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26
Q

Function of the Parietal Lobe

A

Controls

  1. Sensation of touch, temperature, pressure, pain
  2. spatial processing, orientation and manipulation
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27
Q

Function of the Occipital Lobe

A

Controls visual processing

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28
Q

Functions of the Temporal Lobe

A

Controls

  1. memory and emotion
  2. Sound processing and speech perception
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29
Q

Dominant hemisphere for language

A

Left cerebral hemisphere

30
Q

Factors that influence behavior

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Neurotransmitters
  3. Nature vs. Nurture
31
Q

Neurotrasmitters

A

Substances that are released by neurons to carry a signal from 1 neuron to another neuron or to an effector

32
Q

Effector

A

Muscle fiber or gland

33
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter that

  1. causes movements when released by the somatic NS
  2. causes alertness when released by parasympathetic and central nervous system
34
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved in maintenance of smooth muscles and steady postures

35
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins

A

Natural pain killers

36
Q

Epinephrine

A

Released by adrenal medulla

37
Q

Noreepinephrine

A

Released by adrenal medulla

38
Q

GABA and glycine

A

act as brain stabilizers–contribute an inhibitory response

39
Q

Glutamate

A

Acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

40
Q

Seratonin

A

Modulates eating and sleeping patterns as well as dream and mood

41
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone released by adrenal cortex

42
Q

Testostrone

A

hormone that is released by both the testes and the adrenal cortex .
Contributes to libido and aggressive behavior

43
Q

Estrogen

A

Hormone released by the ovaries and adrenal cortex

Contributes to libido and endometrium formation

44
Q

Studies that examine the effects of nature vs. nurture

A
  1. Family Studies
  2. Twin Studies
  3. Adoption Studies
45
Q

Family Studies

A

Examine relative frequency of a trait within a family vs. within the general population

46
Q

Twin Studies

A

Compare concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

47
Q

Adoption Studies

A

Compare similarities between adopted children and their adoptive parents relative to with biological parents

48
Q

Neurulation

A

Nervous system development process where a notochord stimulates the overlying ectoderm to first fold over to create 2 neural folds surrounding a neural groove (depression) and to second create a neural tube topped with neural crests by fusion of neural folds

49
Q

Neural Tube

A

Structure formed during weeks 3-4 of embryo development which later leads to formation of the brain, spine, meninges, and CSF

50
Q

3 Important layers of early embryo; 3 primary germ layers

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

51
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process of transformation of 3 primary germ layers into specialized body tissues

52
Q

Tissues formed s/p gastrulation of ectoderm

A

NS and skin

53
Q

Tissues Mesoderm Gives rise to

A
  1. Connective tissues
  2. Bones
  3. Muscles
  4. Pleura
  5. Genitourinary tissues
  6. Peritoneal linings of body cavities
54
Q

Tissues that endoderm gives rise to

A

Lining of the internal organs, i.e. GI and respiratory tract

55
Q

Notochord

A

Structure in the center of mesoderm that gives rise to neurulation

56
Q

Structures to which the neural crests give rise to

A

PNS and bodily tissues

57
Q

Primary parts of neural tube

A
  1. Prosencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhomencephalon
  4. Spinal Cord
58
Q

Structures formed from Prosencephalon

A
  1. Cerebrum and 2. Thalamus
59
Q

Structures formed from Rhomencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum and medulla

60
Q

Structure formed from Mesencephalon

61
Q

Structure formed from primary Spinal Cord

62
Q

Primative Reflexes

A

Reflexes that appear in infants and that disappear with time
They present with some NS disorders
They play protective roles

63
Q

4 Primative Reflexes

A
  1. Rooting
  2. Moro
  3. Babinski
  4. Grasping
64
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Infant turns head toward object that brushes cheecks

65
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Infant extends arm and gradually retracts them as he/she begins to cry in response to a falling sensation

66
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Big toe extends and small toes fan out in response to brushing of sole of foot

67
Q

Grasping Reflex

A

Grabs anything put in his/her hand

68
Q

Developmental Milestones

A

Give indication of skills/abilities a child should have at a given age

69
Q

Pattern for bodily motor development

A

Advancement of motor function from head to toe and from core to periphery

70
Q

Pattern of social skill transition throughout life

A

Parent-oriented to self-oriented to other-oriented

Behavioral Sciences (8 decks)

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