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Biology and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Neuropsychology

A

The study of the connection between the nervous system and behavior. Focuses on functions of brain regions

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2
Q

Three types of neurons in the Nervous System

A

Sensory, motor and interneurons

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3
Q

Another name for sensory neurons

A

Afferent

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4
Q

Another name for motor neurons

A

Efferent

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5
Q

Reflex Arcs

A

System that relays information to the source of stimuli while routing it simultaneously to the brain
Uses the spinal cord

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6
Q

2 Parts of Nervous System

A

CNS & PNS

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7
Q

2 Parts of CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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8
Q

Components of PNS

A

Spinal nerves

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9
Q

2 Divisions of PNS

A

Somatic and Autonomic NS

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10
Q

2 Divisions of Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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11
Q

3 Divisions of Brain (anatomically)

A

Hind, mid and forebrain

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12
Q

Parts of Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata and reticular formation

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13
Q

Parts of Midbrain

A

Inferior and Superior Colliculi

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14
Q

Parts of Forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex, Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System

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15
Q

Methods for Studying the Brain

A
  1. Lesions
  2. stimulation and activity measurement using EEG
  3. Regional Cerebral Blood flow
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16
Q

Function of Thalamus

A

Relay Station for Sensory Information

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17
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A 
Structure connected to the anterior pituitary and endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system 
Maintains homeostasis (T, metabolism)
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18
Q

Function of Basal Ganglia

A

Smoothens movements and maintains postural stability

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19
Q

Components of Limbic System

A

Septal Nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus

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20
Q

Function of the Limbic System

A

Controls emotion and memory

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21
Q

Function of Septal Nuclei

A

Involved in feeling of pleasure, pleasure seeking behavior and addiction

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22
Q

Function of Amygdala

A

Controls fear and aggression

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23
Q

Hippocampus

A

Aggregates memory and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through an extension known as fornix

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24
Q

4 Parts of Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

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25
Functions of the Frontal Lobe
Responsible for executive functions, long-term planning, impulse control, speech production, motor function
26
Function of the Parietal Lobe
Controls 1. Sensation of touch, temperature, pressure, pain 2. spatial processing, orientation and manipulation
27
Function of the Occipital Lobe
Controls visual processing
28
Functions of the Temporal Lobe
Controls 1. memory and emotion 2. Sound processing and speech perception
29
Dominant hemisphere for language
Left cerebral hemisphere
30
Factors that influence behavior
1. Hormones 2. Neurotransmitters 3. Nature vs. Nurture
31
Neurotrasmitters
Substances that are released by neurons to carry a signal from 1 neuron to another neuron or to an effector
32
Effector
Muscle fiber or gland
33
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that 1. causes movements when released by the somatic NS 2. causes alertness when released by parasympathetic and central nervous system
34
Dopamine
Involved in maintenance of smooth muscles and steady postures
35
Endorphins and Enkephalins
Natural pain killers
36
Epinephrine
Hormone that maintains alertness and wakefulness and that contributes to fight and flight response --- Released by adrenal medulla
37
Noreepinephrine
Neurotransmitter that like epinephrine maintains alertness and wakefulness and that contributes to the fight and flight response --- Released by adrenal medulla
38
GABA and glycine
act as brain stabilizers--contribute an inhibitory response
39
Glutamate
Acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
40
Seratonin
Modulates eating and sleeping patterns as well as dream and mood
41
Cortisol
Stress hormone released by adrenal cortex
42
Testostrone
hormone that is released by both the testes and the adrenal cortex . Contributes to libido and aggressive behavior
43
Estrogen
Hormone released by the ovaries and adrenal cortex | Contributes to libido and endometrium formation
44
Studies that examine the effects of nature vs. nurture
1. Family Studies 2. Twin Studies 3. Adoption Studies
45
Family Studies
Examine relative frequency of a trait within a family vs. within the general population
46
Twin Studies
Compare concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
47
Adoption Studies
Compare similarities between adopted children and their adoptive parents relative to with biological parents
48
Neurulation
Nervous system development process where a notochord stimulates the overlying ectoderm to first fold over to create 2 neural folds surrounding a neural groove (depression) and to second create a neural tube topped with neural crests by fusion of neural folds
49
Neural Tube
Structure formed during weeks 3-4 of embryo development which later leads to formation of the brain, spine, meninges, and CSF
50
3 Important layers of early embryo; 3 primary germ layers
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
51
Gastrulation
Process of transformation of 3 primary germ layers into specialized body tissues
52
Tissues formed s/p gastrulation of ectoderm
NS and skin
53
Tissues Mesoderm Gives rise to
1. Connective tissues 2. Bones 3. Muscles 4. Pleura 5. Genitourinary tissues 6. Peritoneal linings of body cavities
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Tissues that endoderm gives rise to
Lining of the internal organs, i.e. GI and respiratory tract
55
Notochord
Structure in the center of mesoderm that gives rise to neurulation
56
Structures to which the neural crests give rise to
PNS and bodily tissues
57
Primary parts of neural tube
1. Prosencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3. Rhomencephalon 4. Spinal Cord
58
Structures formed from Prosencephalon
1. Cerebrum and 2. Thalamus
59
Structures formed from Rhomencephalon
Pons, cerebellum and medulla
60
Structure formed from Mesencephalon
Midbrain
61
Structure formed from primary Spinal Cord
Spine
62
Primative Reflexes
Reflexes that appear in infants and that disappear with time They present with some NS disorders They play protective roles
63
4 Primative Reflexes
1. Rooting 2. Moro 3. Babinski 4. Grasping
64
Rooting Reflex
Infant turns head toward object that brushes cheecks
65
Moro Reflex
Infant extends arm and gradually retracts them as he/she begins to cry in response to a falling sensation
66
Babinski Reflex
Big toe extends and small toes fan out in response to brushing of sole of foot
67
Grasping Reflex
Grabs anything put in his/her hand
68
Developmental Milestones
Give indication of skills/abilities a child should have at a given age
69
Pattern for bodily motor development
Advancement of motor function from head to toe and from core to periphery
70
Pattern of social skill transition throughout life
Parent-oriented to self-oriented to other-oriented

Behavioral Sciences (8 decks)

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