Motivation 3B

Question 1

How do goals and values relate to each other>

Answer 1

Connecting goals with values can broaden your horizon and help maintain motivation

Question 2

Describe cultural differences in the need for consistency

Answer 2

Independent cultures
- The need for self-consistency tends to be stronger
- Feel higher dissonance when they have lack of self-consistency

Inter-dependent cultures
- Feel higher dissonance when they have lack of outer-consistency (attitudes of friends)

Question 3

Describe cultural differences in the need for control

Answer 3

Independent cultures:
- Mainly use ‘primary control’
- Internal locus of control
- Changing one’s environment to fit one’s needs

Inter-dependent cultures:
- Mainly use ‘secondary control’
- External locus of control
- Aligning oneself to fit the environment

Question 4

Explain how esteem motive, is expressed and shaped differently in individualistic/independent and collectivistic/interdependent cultures

Answer 4

Independent culture:
- Understood and pursued as self-enhancement motive (be better than others)
- Lead to people having higher self-esteem

Inter-dependent culture:
- Understood and expressed as self-improvement motive (through self criticism and modesty)
- Lead people to have lower self-esteem